Through Focus MTF - mtf curve

 2024-07-02 05:53:23

Excitation filters are normally bandpass filters. Excitation filters can be of the colored glass or interference type. The greater the bandwidth the greater the excitation energy. As bandwidth increases there is the accompanying increase in emission intensity, but a greater chance of generating non-specific autofluorescence.

Filters fall into three main classes: bandpass, long pass, or short pass. A bandpass filter transmits wavelengths within a region of wavelengths "cutting on" at a low wavelength and "cutting off" at a higher wavelength. Wavelengths are blocked below the cut-on or above the cut-off by absorption and/or reflection. The bandpass or bandwidth (BW) is the peak width in nanometers (nm) at 50% of the transmission maximum for a given peak. It may also be referred to as FWHM (full width half maximum) or HPBW (half power bandwidth). A long pass filter transmits wavelengths above a specified value and blocks wavelengths below this value.

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Photoelectric conversionefficiency

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The excitation lamp is the source of light that excites fluorophores to emit a fluorescence signal. The two key features of an excitation source are emission spectra and intensity. The lamp must emit within the absorption peaks of the given fluorophores in order to cause fluorescence. The stronger the excitation intensity, the brighter the fluorescence. However, the brighter the excitation intensity, the faster the photo-oxidizing or fading of the fluorophores. Any choice of lamp has to take into account trade-offs between the brightness of the image being reviewed and the extent of time that it remains visible. Vysis recommends using a 100-watt mercury excitation lamp source.

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Internalquantum efficiency

Looking forward, the research group said new research is required to identify a practical way to embed the novel material in real solar cells. However, they also noted that the experimental techniques used to create these materials are already “highly advanced.”

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The simulation showed that the cell EQE may span from 110% to 190%. The researchers also found that by gauging the absorber's thickness the cell optical activity increases in wavelengths ranging from 600 to 1200 nm.

Dichroics are interference filters. Dichroics are manufactured using thin film technology, but since they need to be kept thin for high image quality they are not protected with a laminated cover glass. Unprotected dichroics are easily scratched and damaged. With Zeiss Axioline filters, the user must take care in mounting filter sets and only handle the dichroic by the edges with gloved hands.

The new material consists of an heterostructure combining germanium, selenium, and tin sulfide, which also integrates atoms of zerovalent copper. It features an average photovoltaic absorption over 80% and could help photovoltaic cells break the Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit, according to its creators.

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A properly configured, well maintained fluorescence microscope is essential for obtaining optimum FISH results. Be sure to closely follow the manufacturer's instructions in the operation and care of your microscope.

A short pass filter does the opposite of the long pass and therefore transmits wavelengths below a specified value while blocking wavelengths above that specified value. Interference filters are made by vacuum deposition of thin films on a glass substrate. Thin films are comprised of alternating layers of metal or dielectric with high and low refractive indices. Interference filterscan be designed to be short pass, long pass, or bandpass filters. Colored glass filters are made from dye impregnated glass and generally are long pass or bandpass. Filters can contain multiple elements of the colored glass and/or interference type stacked and cemented to each other with optical epoxy (laminated). If a filter contains any interference elements it is referred to as an interference filter.

Solar panelefficiency

In the paper “Chemically tuned intermediate band states in atomically thin CuxGeSe/SnS quantum material for photovoltaic applications,” published in ScienceAdvance, the academics explained that the new quantum material may be an ideal match for intermediate band solar cells (IBSCs).

These devices are believed to have the potential to exceed the Shockley-Queisser limit – the maximum theoretical efficiency that a solar cell with a single p-n junction can reach. It is calculated by examining the amount of electrical energy that is extracted per incident photon.

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Interference filters are highly desirable with their narrow bandwidths, high transmission efficiency and extremely sharp cut-ons and cut-offs. These filters are more expensive, less durable and generally have higher signal/noise (S/N) than colored glass filters. Colored glass filters generally have a wide bandwidth (i.e., 40nm for FITC exciter), lower transmission efficiency and trailing cut-on and cut-offs. Colored glass filters are used because they are readily available, less costly and more durable.

The CuxGeSe/SnS material features an intermediate energy bandgap ranging from 0.78 eV and 1.26 eV. With it, the group designed and modeled a thin-film solar cell with the proposed material as the active layer.

Abbott Molecular's expanding line of single, dual and triple bandpass filter sets produce sharply defined, high contrast visualization of Abbott Molecular's reagents. By allowing simultaneous viewing of up to five different fluorophores, multi-bandpass filter sets enhance the utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedures, enabling multiple results to be simultaneously obtained from a single assay. Each filter set has been designed and optimized for use with the Abbott Molecular fluorophores. Abbott Molecular filter sets are available for most common microscope models, including:

Externalquantum efficiency

“The material’s efficiency leap is attributable largely to its distinctive ‘intermediate band states,' specific energy levels that are positioned within the material's electronic structure in a way that makes them ideal for solar energy conversion,” the scientists explained. “These states have energy levels within the optimal subband gaps—energy ranges where the material can efficiently absorb sunlight and produce charge carriers.”

Spectral response

Th EQE is the ratio of the number of electrons collected by the solar cell to the number of photons that hit it. It defines how well a solar cell converts photons into electrical current. “In traditional solar cells, the maximum EQE is 100%, representing the generation and collection of one electron for each photon absorbed from sunlight,” the research's lead author Chinedu Ekuma said in a statement.

The new material is a 2D two-dimensional Van der Waals (vdW) material, which means it features a crystalline planar configuration held together by ionic bonds. It consists of an heterostructure combining germanium (Ge), selenium (Se), and tin sulfide (Sns) with atoms of zerovalent copper (Cu) being inserted between the material's layers.

Researchers at Lehigh University in the United States developed a new thin-film solar cell absorber material that reportedly features an average photovoltaic absorption of 80% and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 190%.

Emission filters can be the colored glass or interference type. Long pass filters pass the most light resulting in brighter, but noisier images with higher background and lower signal/noise (S/N). This increase in noise and background results from cell debris, the microscope slide, etc.

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Detectivequantum efficiency

The device was assumed to be based on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate, an electron transport layer (ETL) based on zinc oxide (ZnO), CuxGeSe/SnS absorber, and a gold (Au) metal contact. “In our design, atomically thin GeSe and SnS are vertically stacked, facilitating the easy integration of the hybrid structures through van der Waals interactions,” the research team specified.

Filter sets are designed for viewing a specific fluorophore or a specific combination of two or more fluorophores. A filter set for fluorescence microscopy is composed of three elements: an excitation filter for selecting the wavelengths used to excite the fluorophore; a dichroicmirror (beamsplitter or polychroic) for reflecting the excitation light down to the object on the slide, blocking much of the excitation light reflected back from the slide to the eyepiece, and passing the light emitted from the fluorophore in the in situ hybridization;and a final emission filter (barrier filter) for passing only the emitted light from the fluorophore while any other wavelengths outside that specified range are blocked.

“The rapid response and enhanced efficiency in Cu-intercalated samples, strongly indicate the potential of Cu-intercalated GeSe/SnS as a quantum material for use in advanced photovoltaic applications, offering an avenues for efficiency improvements in solar energy conversion,” they concluded.