Magnification is the process of making an object appear larger and is expressed in terms of magnification power, which is the ratio between the apparent size (as viewed through the lens) and true size of the object. Hand lenses typically have magnification powers of 5×, 10×, 14×, and 20×. Some Hastings loupes can achieve magnification of 30×.

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Hastings triplets are the most common type of triplet system in high-quality hand lenses. In Hastings lenses, the three individual lenses are cemented together with a clear epoxy.

Figure 5. Examples of depth of field using a tachinid fly. The left image has a shallow depth of field, note that the posterior of the fly is not in focus. The right image has a long depth of field, note the entire fly is in focus. Credit: "Focus_stacking_Tachinid_fly" by Muhammad Mahdi Karim on Wikimedia Commons. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

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Anti-reflective (AR) eyeglass lenses reduce glare and reflections that are distracting and affect how well you see. That's why anti-reflective coatings are ...

Other factors tied to lens size are working or focal distance ("Focus: 1" in the example given above) and depth of field, both of which decrease as lens size decreases.

Is there any way to make it compatible with the Oculus Go since essentially it is an Android device? i looked at the code and figured there must be some issue with the UpdateMaterial() function because the HLS stream is decoded correctly since i can see the content of the stream. Only concern is that the video is distorted and i believe it can be fixed in the rendereing phase. Could you please let me know what could be the issue in rendering on the Oculus device?

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A Coddington lens is a type of single lens that is constructed from a thick piece of glass with a diaphragm grove around the equator that corrects for spherical aberration. A Coddington lens is capable of magnification up to 20× before significant aberration is encountered; this gain in magnification is offset by a reduction in the area seen through the lens due to the diaphragm groove (Figures 4, 11).

Magnification power is directly tied to the size (diameter) of the lens, which is generally expressed in millimeters (“19.8mm" in the example given above).

Figure 4. Lens diameter and magnification power comparison. The top row have Coddington lenses and the bottom row have Hastings lenses. The left most hand lenses are 10×, center are 14×, and right most are 20×. Note the overall larger size but dark ring (indicated by an arrow in the 10× hand lens) and smaller aperture due to the equatorial groove in the Coddington hand lenses. Credit: Michael Skvarla, Penn State.

Finally, caution should be used when selecting a hand lens to purchase, especially inexpensive models, as many generic or off-brand examples do not provide the magnification power or lens count they advertise (Figures 7–9). Some ways to avoid being scammed include buying a hand lens made by a reputable company (e.g., Bauch & Lomb, BelOMO) and/or from a reputable supplier (e.g., BioQuip, US Geological Supply). If a hand lens is to be purchased through a website that allows sales by third parties (e.g., Amazon), be sure to read the product reviews as they will often indicate if a particular model does not offer the magnification power or quality advertised.

A hand lens, also called a loupe, is an important tool for a grower, scout, horticulturalist, and others who want to identify arthropods in the field and make informed decisions. However, it can be difficult to choose a proper hand lens as catalogue descriptions are often filled with undefined jargon that is difficult for many people to interpret. This article examines hand lenses and the terminology associated with them in an effort to dispel this confusion. Finally, please note that while specific brands and makes of hand lenses are mentioned, their inclusion does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the author or Penn State University.

20241029 — Magnification, in optics, the size of an image relative to the size of the object creating it. Linear (sometimes called lateral or transverse) magnification ...

This relationship is due to the fact that magnification power is a result of the curvature of the lens. As lens diameter increases, lens curvature and magnification power decrease, and as lens diameter decreases, lens curvature and magnification power increase. Because of this relationship, hand lenses with higher magnification power have smaller fields of view, which may limit usefulness when viewing larger objects.

202027 — A focal point is where the light rays will converge if they strike the lens from very far away (meaning that they are parallel when they reach ...

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A triplet hand lens contains three lenses and has the best correction of spherical and chromatic (colored fringes around the image) aberrations (Figure 3). Triplet hand lenses are generally capable of magnification up to 20× before significant aberration is encountered.

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Optical aberrations are performance deviations from idea gaussian optics due to the inherent nature in which light refracts at a spherical surface.

Glossary | Telescopes | Optics | Focal length. This is the distance between the objective lens or mirror and the focal point. Compared to the aperture, the ...

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Figures 1–3. Examples of hand lenses. 1) Singlet hand lens. 2) Doublet hand lens. Note the plastic lenses that are separated by a black spacer. 3) Triplet, non-Hastings hand lens. Note the glass lenses are cemented together. Credit: Michael Skvarla, Penn State.

A doublet hand lens contains two lenses; some lens arrangements can correct spherical and chromatic aberrations. The lenses can be cemented together or spaced apart with air between them (Figure 2). This type of construction is uncommon in hand lenses. When encountered, one of the lenses is often a Coddington lens.

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Figure 6.1. Examining a dictyopharid plant hopper using Hastings lenses of different magnification powers. Note the decreasing lens size with increasing magnification power. Credit: Michael Skvarla, Penn State.

Lenses can be made from glass or plastic, which is typically acrylic. Glass lenses have the benefits of better clarity, higher potential magnification power, and are scratch resistant, but are heavier and generally more expensive. Plastic lenses are inexpensive, but are not capable of high magnification power, do not correct for various aberrations, and may scratch easily (although some forms are scratch resistant).

When used for arthropod identification in the field, the following generalities can be made about the various magnification powers available (Figures 6.1 and 6.2):

A quadruplet hand lens contains four lenses. Quadruplet hand lenses are not commonly encountered, although BelOMO offers a 20× model.

When comparing hand lenses, the terminology contained in the name (e.g., Hastings triplet magnifier, 10×, 19.8mm, Focus: 1") can be confusing. However, each element of the name contains important information that describes different aspects of the hand lens and is easily understood once defined. Hand lenses typically contain one to three lenses (other imaging systems, such as microscopes and telescopes, can contain six or more lenses). The addition of multiple lenses corrects for various image aberrations but also increases the cost of a hand lens.

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A singlet hand lens contains a single lens; in many models the lens is convex at either end (Figure 1). Uncorrected singlets have low magnification power (most up to 5×, high quality up to 10×) and suffer from high spherical aberration (an incompletely focused image) at higher magnifications; the common magnifying glass is an example of an uncorrected singlet lens.