A diffraction grating is an optical element that divides(disperses) light composed of lots of different wavelengths(e.g., white light) into light components by wavelength. The simplest type of grating is one with a large number of evenly spaced parallel slits. When white light enters the grating, the light components are diffracted at angles that are determined by the respective wavelengths(diffraction). Picking out diffracted (reinforced) light makes it possible to select the required light component. In short, for parallel beams that enter neighboring slits as shown in Fig. 1, light is reinforced when the optical path difference is a multiple of the wavelength. The light from all the slits is reinforced in the same way to produce "diffracted light."

Either or both faces of a lens are normally spherically concave or convex (or even flat), the radii of which will determine its performance.

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A diffraction grating is an optical element that divides (disperses) light composed of lots of different wavelengths (e.g., white light) into light ...

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Beam splitter cubes consist of two assembled right-angled prisms. They can be easily integrated into the beam path. In contrast to beam splitter plates, there ...

How to calculate focal length ofconvex lens

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The lens calculator provides details of the path of the light-ray through the lens, the principal planes and points within the lens, its focal length and its limiting optical diameter (above which parallel light will be reflected internally). The lens calculator also provides an active image of the lens and the light-path through it.

An optical lens concentrates light that has passed through it magnifying or shrinking the projected image of an observed object by an amount dependent upon; the distance between the lens and the object, and the shape of the lens.

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As shown in Fig.1-1 and Fig.1-2, α is the angle between the incident light and the normal to the grating (the incident angle) and ÃŸ is the angle between the diffracted light and the normal to the grating (the diffraction angle), then, they satisfy the following relationship: as shown in Fig.1-1, in case of transmission grating

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Here, D is called the "reciprocal linear dispersion" and represents the difference in wavelength per unit length on the surface of the exit slit in the optical system. Multiplying D by the slit width gives an indication of the wavelength resolution.

The direction of a ray of light through a lens is governed by Snell’s law, which is dependent upon the refractive indices of the lens material and the the environments on either face. An optical lens is normally, but not necessarily, made of glass and the environments are normally, but not necessarily, air or a vacuum.

d : Spacing between the slits (the grating period) N : Number of slits per mm (the groove density, equal to the reciprocal of the grating period)  m : Order of diffraction (m = 0, ± 1, ± 2,...)  λ : Wavelength It can be seen from this relationship that all components of light corresponding to m = 0 (zero-order light) are radiated in a straight line and so it is not possible to separate the wavelengths with this order. It can also be seen that for m â‰  0 the diffraction angle ÃŸ is different for each wavelength. This is why gratings can be used to separate white light into its constituent wavelengths. The diffraction angle ÃŸ also varies with the groove density N and the incident angle Î±. One point requiring consideration is that, depending on the groove density N, it may not be possible to obtain diffracted light. For example, if the incident angle Î± = 30° and the groove density N = 2400 grooves/mm, applying the equation to first-order light (i.e., m = +1) with a wavelength λ of 700nm gives sin ÃŸ = 1.18, then diffracted light cannot be obtained in this case.

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Oct 28, 2018 — Aperture is the size of the opening in the lens. Some lenses have fixed apertures, but most photographic lenses have variable apertures to ...

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The way in which the diffraction angle Î»Î² behaves when light composed of different wavelengths is directed at a grating is an important point when considering the separation of light into its components. If the incident angle Î± is regarded as a constant, differentiating both sides of equation (2) with respect to λ gives the following:

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Here, dβ/dλ is called the "angular dispersion" and can be used to obtain the change in diffraction angle dβcorresponding to a change in wavelength dλ. Multiplying both sides of equation (3) by the focal distance ƒ for the optical systems gives the following:

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Lenses allows you to enter a radius for each face of the lens (positive for convex and negative for concave) a lens thickness, the direction and position of an entering light-ray, a distance to the object being observed and refractive indices for the lens material and the environments on both surfaces.