Power densityvs energydensity

Aside from energy density, a second important parameter in lasers measurement is a power density. The power density (irradiance) is a ratio of power (P) in Watt (W) to the cross section area (I=W/cm2). The importance of this will be clarified when we consider the interaction of laser beams with different materials [5].

In the author’s opinion, it is important that researchers and clinicians using lasers be educated in laser science. Without doubt, the principal knowledge of laser physics is unquestionably important to utilize lasers in good and safe manner.

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It is strongly recommended to provide, in scientific laser-assisted studies, all parameters for evaluating the energy and power density of laser devices. The energy absorbed by tissue is strictly connected with laser technical parameters listed below:

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Power densityof battery

We have mentioned the company and model details about the LASER used in our study. Readers interested in finding the details/ pursuing further studies can visit the site and get the necessary details. We understand that all the information included in the article should be sufficient to replicate the methodology of the article. But sometimes due to the limitation of words and number of figures, it is not possible to include all the details in the text therefore we found it useful to mention the company of the LASER used in our study and relevant data pertaining to our study.

Beam and block flooring system is a construction method to support flooring, especially for ground floors as well as multi-storey buildings. It is made of cast concrete, one piece of which is a prestressed concrete beam, which can be an inverted T-shaped beam or lintel, the other piece is a simple rectangular block. The blocks are placed at regular intervals and the beams are placed between them to form a connection between each block section. They form a support for the next layer of flooring materials.

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A void is left under the floor of at least 150mm between the soil and underside of the beam. If heavy clay soil is present it is good practice to increase the void depth to as much as 225mm or possibly more. All organic material must be removed from the soil and the surface should be treated with weedkiller. This void must be ventilated with air bricks or ventilation sleeves positioned in the external walls in order to avoid the potential build-up of gas. Ground levels under the floor should be relatively level, otherwise, external walls become retaining walls and would need to be designed accordingly.

Example: A pulsed laser emitting a beam with repetition rate f =1 pulse per second (1Hz), with energy of 50mJ (0.05J), for two diameters of a laser tip, the results in fluency (J/cm2) are divergent:

With regard to our cited article I would like to bring to the kind notice of author that since lasers was one of the four methods we compared more details could not be included because of word limitations.

Power densitylaser

In Niranjani et al., Murthy et al., and Kanumuru and Subbaiah studies it is not possible to calculate and compare energy or power density [1–3].

Different types of lasers with same or different wavelength have been utilized in medical market, but the varied inbuilt technology in these devices provides divergent results in energy density (amount of light) which is absorbed by the tissue.

As the example showed that doubling of tip diameter implicates in 4 times energy density growth. It is very important in all studies that a data which can help to repeat each experiment by other researchers should be provided. Thus, all the studies should include the important parameters which allow comparing different kinds of lasers [4].

The precast concrete inverted T-beams are supported by the perimeter walls and internal load-bearing walls. The beams vary in-depth, and can be 150mm to 225mm made up to lengths of around 6m, they are usually designed and manufactured to span specific distances. Beam depth and profiles are selected according to span and loading requirements, along with the type of block specified.

Articles from Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR are provided here courtesy of JCDR Research & Publications Private Limited

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The beam and blocks are placed above load-bearing walls under supervision and design by a structural engineer. This system is extremely versatile in achieving complex designs and using unskilled labour. It is cost-efficient as well as easily understood by all contractors. It is an economical option due to the off-site manufacture of the beams and blocks, fast assembly and little requirement for specialist labour or equipment. The installation of a beam and block floor is not usually weather dependent and therefore specifying this form of construction can reduce site delays that other methods might encounter. The beam and block flooring system demonstrates good noise reduction and fire-resisting properties and is also suitable to host underfloor heating systems.

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I read with interest, three articles in subject of laser studies published in JCDR in last few months. The authors in their researches used different types of lasers devices: Niranjani et al., (diode laser), Murthy et al., (CO2 laser), Kanumuru and Subbaiah (diode and Nd:YAG lasers) [1–3]. Unfortunately the authors have not presented in their researches a value of energy density (fluency) of lasers which is key factor to measure a dose of energy absorbed by treated tissues [Table/Fig-1].

Infill blocks are then positioned between the T-beams, these blocks are usually lightweight concrete. A sand-cement grout is often brushed over the surface, filling any gaps providing a good load distribution and avoiding movement in the blocks. The grout also keeps insects and vermin out and assists with airtightness.

The total energy delivered, divided by the area (energy per unit area) is called fluency or energy density. In a number of examples, fluency is the most important parameter for laser therapy [4].

Polystyrene blocks are used to replace concrete hollow blocks for lightweight insulated slabs. This keeps buildings warmer in winter and cooler in summer. From a structural viewpoint, a lighter slab assists by allowing load-bearing walls and foundations to take less strain.

NAME, ADDRESS, E-MAIL ID OF THE CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Dr. Jacek Matys, NZOZ Ka-Dent, Lipowa 18, 67-400 Wschowa, Poland. E-mail: jacek.matys@wp.pl

Reply from author of “Effect of Four Surface Treatment Methods on the Shear Bond Strength of Resin Cement to Zirconia Ceramics- A Comparative invitro Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2014;8(9):65-8G”