PICVISA developed an automated textile sorting machine that integrates a Specim FX17 camera along with several complementary technologies and AI. According to Daniel Carrero, product manager of PICVISA, “NIR HSI is a game-changer. It enables us to identify materials and compositions of garments for preselection before recycling, providing a complete analysis with excellent spectral resolution.”

One application where water absorption in the NIR spectral range can be leveraged is in measuring moisture and fat content in minced meat (Figure 9).

Unlike rain and snow, – which generally has little effect on Free Space Optics communication -fog and water vapour droplets are a real hindrance to the operating performance. The small water droplets can at points completely stop the light beams from being received due to light absorption, refraction scattering or even complete reflection which can significantly lower data rates. Therefore in foggy areas, Free Space Optics may not be the best solution, however applications have been successfully carried out that have provided acceptable reliability with redundancy systems in place. The following five points listed all refer to the signal attenuation caused by atmospheric conditions.

Hyperspectral cameras combine imaging and spectroscopy. Hyperspectral cameras acquire hyperspectral data cubes, gathering spectral and spatial information pixel by pixel. Each pixel yields a spectral signature, providing unique “fingerprints” for different materials. The technology aids in classification and analysis, discerning distinct materials and their properties based on their spectral characteristics.

Beam wander or jitter is the amount that the centroid or peak value of the beam strength profile moves with time and can be caused by turbulence resulting in the beam becoming unfocused.

Figure 9: The Specim FX17 camera and its NIR spectral range proved highly effective in accurately measuring the moisture and fat content of the minced meat.

Figure 5: Powered by NIR HSI camera, the PICVISA machine ensures precise classification of endless combinations of fibers and colors.

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Fluctuations in signal strength can be caused by variations in temperature of air pockets between the transmitter and receiver due to natural differences or objects such as buildings etc. This effect, know as refractive turbulence, causes image dancing or blurring of the signal at the receiver end which results in amplitude loss.

NIR HSI is employed in the food industry for sorting, grading, quality control, and authentication purposes. NIR HSI facilitates the accurate and dependable assessment of chemical composition and identification of foreign objects by leveraging the distinct spectral patterns inherent to each material. Various food properties — such as moisture, fat, protein, sugar content, and other nutritional parameters — have unique light reflection properties within the NIR spectral range.

NIR HSI can be used to sort plastics efficiently for recycling, achieving high purity rates. While short-wave (SWIR) and middle-wave (MWIR) infrared HSI cameras can also sort plastic, the NIR sensors are typically the most cost-efficient solution for plastic sorting and can sort the most common plastics (Figure 3). In the case of black plastics, the Specim FX50 MWIR HSI camera is the only viable solution.

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Chromatic aberrations are wavelength-dependent artifacts that occur because the refractive index of every optical glass formulation varies with wavelength.

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Prodecologia, a Ukrainian machine builder, has developed a NIR separator employing a Specim FX17 camera, which identifies, sorts, and separates different types of polymers, enhancing the efficiency of the polymer recycling process. Despite the complexity of polymer processing and the diversity of recyclable polymers, Prodecologia has achieved polymer purity scores greater than 98% with the NIR HSI technology. The Prodecologia’s NIR separator separates plastics such as PET, PVC, PE, and PP. It has a 600–700 kg/h capacity for a mix of PP and PE and 500–600 kg per hour for PET flakes.

All Free Space Optics technology is strictly controlled to make sure that standards are followed to limit any dangers. All CableFree FSO systems are certified to be Class 1M, which is safe to the naked eye.  Our Free Space Optics units are of low enough power not to cause long term harm when the laser is exposed to a person’s eye, however as with all optical emitters of all types, precautions should be taken so that prolonged exposure never occurs if possible.

As shown in Figure 6, with an RGB camera it’s challenging to distinguish between fat and meat and contaminants such as plastic or wood. However, NIR HSI accurately identifies these contaminants and detect the fat’s location in the meat, as their spectral signatures differ.

Free Space Optics wireless network ranges are typically found to be between around 100m and 2km but due to the nature of the signal strength being directly affected more by atmospheric conditions over increasing distance, the shorter the range between the two unit locations the higher the performance and availability of the connection will be

Free Space Optics (FSO) is a technology that uses laser beams via a line of sight optical bandwidth connection to transfer data, video or voice communications across areas ranging typically from 100m to a few kilometres at throughput bandwidths up to 1.5Gbps at frequencies above 300GHz of wavelengths, typically, 785 to 1550nm. Using Free Space Optics wireless networks eliminates the need to secure licensing found with RF signal solutions and also the expensive costs of laying fibre optic cable; principally the concept of transferring data via light is the same as with fibre optics just through a different medium.

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NIR hyperspectral imaging has been proven helpful across various industries, significantly improving inspection, sorting, and analysis processes. Hyperspectral imaging provides real-time information about the manufacturing process, helping ensure compliance with regulations, reduce costs, and improve quality.

Free Space Optics provides speeds comparable to those of optical fibre connections with the flexibility and practicality of being part of a wireless network providing bandwidth speeds typically advertised as up to 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 155Mbps and 1.5Gbps, with possible speeds of up to 10Gbps becoming likely in the future, plus the potential of being able to use WDM (Wavelength-Division Multiplexing) technology. Currently, the only other wireless technology capable of these kinds of speeds is Millimeter-Wave RF Wireless Networking which, in comparison, requires licensing and can affected severely by rain. Due to the received beam being transferred onto an optical fibre to connect to the core network, trouble free integration and easy set up make Free Space Optics networking’s compatibility with any system very high.

Near infrared cameraRaspberry Pi

Figure 13: NIR hyperspectral cameras, such as the Specim FX17, offer a solution by capturing high-resolution spectroscopic data across the entire width of the film.

Water absorption in the NIR spectral range is a significant phenomenon with implications in various scientific and technological fields. In the NIR range, water molecules absorb light due to overtones and combinations of the fundamental vibrational modes of water (stretching and bending motions of the H-O-H molecule). The absorption bands are primarily observed around 760 nm, 970 nm, 1200 nm, 1450 nm, and 1940 nm.

Near Infrared Cameraprice

Figure 2: NIR hyperspectral cameras identify different materials in real-time based on their unique spectral “fingerprints”.

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Figure 7: The Specim FX17 unveils hidden flaws in meat, such as pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) defects, as well as defects in bones and tendons.

NIR spectroscopy is used in the textile and fiber industry also to control quality and analyze parameters such as fiber composition, moisture content, dye concentration, and other properties.

Figure 11: NIR hyperspectral imaging can detect melted grease in heat-sealed areas of packages that are undetectable by the human eye. (Image courtesy of Minebea)

CableFree FSO links are used in thousands of mission-critical customer networks worldwide, with diverse applications including 4G/LTE Backhaul, CPRI Fronthaul, 3G and 2G Networks, Corporate Networks, Finance, Energy, Oil and Gas Exploration, Power Utilities, Education, Healthcare, Broadcast with HD-SDI Video, Perimeter Security and CCTV Networks

Building sway due to wind can be a problem as it disrupts the alignment between the two transceiver units causing loss of signal. Divergent beam technology can be used to allow the units to communicate in these situations but performance is still slightly affected.

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Flat Mirrors are optical Mirrors commonly used to steer beams without introducing chromatic aberration or dispersion.

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Water vapour molecules in the air absorb the energy from photons (light particles) within the light beam which causes an overall loss in power density. The use of spatial diversity and correct system power helps combat this effect as absorption is more common at certain wavelength ranges of light.

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Another relevant application for the NIR spectral range is inspecting heat-sealed packaging. If a contaminant is present at the sealing point, it could cause a leak, potentially spoiling the product inside.

Scattering occurs when certain wavelengths experience collisions with objects and are redistributed in varying directions without energy loss (unlike absorption). Scattering is more likely to have a more frequent and larger effect over long distances where it can have a significant effect on beam strength.

Figure 1: NIR hyperspectral imaging captures spectral information within the 900 to 1700 nm wavelength range in the electromagnetic spectrum.

Digitalcamera near infrared

NIR HSI has many benefits over traditional color and filter cameras and point spectrometers. Hyperspectral imaging enables comprehensive, rapid, and non-destructive inspection of large areas or multiple samples. This is particularly important in the food industry, where high throughput, real-time monitoring, and hygiene are essential.

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NIR imaging goes beyond what we can see, allowing the detection of contamination like melted grease hidden in sealed packages. The human eye would typically miss this invisible contamination. Conventional RGB imaging would be ineffective if the melted grease were positioned behind an opaque printing area on the packaging. However, the greater penetration depth of the NIR HSI can detect it, highlighting the technology’s power for quality and safety checks. A successful case was reported by Minebea that used the Specim FX17 in combination with X-ray imaging to achieve this.

Figure 10: Wageningen University & Research’s smart All-in-one Spectral Imaging (ASI) laboratory system for automated fresh produce analysis.

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In pharmaceutical inspection and analysis, the NIR range is particularly useful for ensuring the quality and composition of medications for safety and efficacy. NIR HSI has been successfully applied for monitoring various types of active ingredients, even through blister packaging. HSI is an especially valuable inspection method when pharmaceutical products, e.g., tablets or powder, are visually identical.

CableFree: Wireless Excellence has pioneered reliable, carrier-class Free Space Optics (Optical Wireless) equipment, with thousands of commercial deployments in diverse markets since 1997. We hold the longest track record of commercial FSO vendors, and widest global deployment. Our CableFree range of FSO products include advanced features such as ATPC to overcome high fade in adverse conditions,  Industry-leading link margins for reliable performance at long range, and proven stable beam optical design.  CableFree FSO products reflect a deep understanding of the challenges of FSO transmission and ensure best-in-class performance and availability.

NIR HSI is also helpful in inspecting the thickness of thin films and coatings. NIR HSI can enhance thin-film efficiency and coating quality control systems, offering 100% in-line inspection for improved quality and waste reduction, which enables faster and more comprehensive inspection compared to current solutions based on point spectrometers that provide only partial monitoring.

Free Space Optics Wireless Networks can only operate as Point-to-Point links between 2 units, however, when combined with LAN or WLAN networks they can provide very effective solutions to many scenarios such as:

Figure 3: The Specim FX17 NIR HSI camera can distinguish the most common polymer materials, including PE, ABS, PVC, PS, PA, PP, and PET.

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FSO is generally deployed well above ground – typically in rooftop locations.  This is the opposite for fibre / fibre optic cable,  which is typically installed under road or street level.  Therefore very different challenges are presented when considering Free Space Optics performance with the biggest being atmospheric conditions. However, most drawbacks and shortcomings can be resolved through the inclusion of redundancy systems and correct wireless network planning.

In this article, we explain NIR sensors’ role in hyperspectral cameras and spectral imaging and elucidate the capabilities and advantages of NIR hyperspectral imaging technology when successfully applied in industrial settings.

NIR hyperspectral imaging also allows for identifying the composition of textile products, as different fibers have unique spectral characteristics. Separating different textile materials is complicated because they contain various raw materials and combinations of natural and synthetic fibers. NIR hyperspectral imaging has revolutionized textile sorting for PICVISA, a Spanish company specializing in optical sorting, robotics, AI, and deep learning.

The analysis of fresh produce is another application where water absorption in the NIR spectral range can be exploited. Wageningen University & Research (WUR) in the Netherlands has developed a stand-alone All-in-One Spectral Imaging (ASI) system based on the VNIR (visible and near-infrared) and NIR hyperspectral cameras to monitor fruit freshness and maturity.

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Figure 8: Alpma uses the Specim FX17 mounted on a robotic arm with illumination that moves around large blocks of cheese to detect defects and contaminants such as thin plastic residues and mold.

Near-infrared (NIR) sensors capture and analyze light within the 900 to 1700 nm wavelength range, which is beyond visible light, and can assess object details that are not detectable by the human eye. Hyperspectral cameras and sensors operating in the NIR region are increasingly being adopted in research labs and industrial machine vision. Applications such as plastic and textile sorting, food and pharmaceutical quality control, and thin-film thickness and moisture measurement demonstrate the value and versatility of NIR hyperspectral imaging (HSI).

Figure 12: The Specim FX17 allows pharmaceutical companies to check for contaminants and ensure that each type of tablet has the correct composition of ingredients in the right quantities.

The intensity of absorption varies with the wavelength. For instance, at 1450 nm, water exhibits a strong absorption peak, making the NIR wavelength particularly useful for detecting water content in various substances. This property of water absorption in the NIR range is exploited in numerous applications, including remote sensing, agriculture, food, paper, wood, cosmetics industries, and biomedical imaging, among others.

Certain materials can be detected specifically in the near-infrared range between 900 to 1700 nm due to organic compounds’ unique molecular vibrations and absorbance characteristics within this wavelength range.

The basis of Free Space Optics communication is rather straightforward with a pair of transceiver units housing an optical receiver and transmitter, allowing the sending and receiving of data simultaneously, and an optical source with a focusing lens. The unit at one location transmits a beam of focused light carrying the information directly at the unit at the receiving location where the light beam is then transferred to an optical fibre from a high sensitivity receiver.

Due to light not be able to travel through opaque mediums, objects such as birds, planes and people can momentarily cause interruptions to the service by blocking the Free Space Optics’ light beam, with service resuming instantly when the light path is cleared. Multi-beam technology can be used with compatible systems to try and counter this problem.

CableFree has pioneered Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) to automatically increase transmit power and link budget during “fade” conditions which radically increases the link performance and availability.

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In addition to the examples provided in this article, NIR hyperspectral imaging offers a spectrum of possibilities for accurate and real-time inspection for various scientific and industrial use cases.

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Beam spread, or more technically called beam divergence, is measurable angular effect of the beam’s dissipation at a constant rate as it travels further through the atmosphere.