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Modern lenses are amazing, but they have their limits, and many cannot capture the geometry of a scene with absolute precision. Instead, they can introduce various types of distortions. These distortions are determined by the type of lens as well as how it is used.

What is gratingin Optics

The quality of these corrections can convey benefits well beyond the simple straightening of lines. When you apply one of DxO’s Optics Modules to an image, any lens distortion that’s been measured by our laboratory technicians will be automatically corrected. And while most image editing software can do this, DxO software goes further. Thanks to the accuracy of our measurements, photographers can even access a greater field of view after cropping.

Most lenses produce some geometric distortion, though in certain models this is negligible to the point of being invisible under regular observation. An ‘ideal’ lens would produce no distortion at all, and would translate any straight lines in the scene into identically straight lines in the image – a situation called ‘perfect perspective projection.’ Any deviation from this is classed as a geometric distortion.

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All this means that, with DxO’s method, many images require less cropping after adjustment and so less of the captured view is lost.

The resolving power of an optical system is ultimately limited by diffraction by the aperture. Thus an optical system cannot form a perfect image of a point.

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As you can see, rather than using generic profiles that may not accurately address geometric distortions at all focal lengths and distances, DxO’s precision measurements are always perfectly suited to the specific lens, focal length, and focus distance.

With complex distortions requiring equally complex correction, this is not something that can be adjusted manually by the user; for truly accurate results, they must be calibrated using special equipment. That’s where DxO comes in.

Gratings are produced by two methods, ruling and holography. A high-precision ruling engine creates a master grating by burnishing grooves with a diamond tool against a thin coating of evaporated metal applied to a surface. Replication of the master grating enables the production of ruled gratings, which comprise the majority of diffraction gratings used in dispersive spectrometers. These gratings can be blazed for specific wavelengths, generally have high efficiency, and are often used in systems requiring high resolution. Echelle gratings are a type of ruled grating that are coarse, i.e., low groove density, have high-blaze angles, and use high diffraction orders. The virtue of an echelle grating lies in its ability to provide high dispersion and resolution in a compact system design. Overlapping of diffraction orders is an important limitation of echelle gratings requiring some type of order separation typically provided by a prism or another grating. Holographic gratings are created using a sinusoidal interference pattern which is etched into glass. These gratings have lower scatter than ruled gratings, are designed to minimize aberrations, and can have high efficiency for a single plane of polarization. Gratings can be reflective or transmissive, and the surface of a grating can either be planar or concave. Planar gratings generally give higher resolution over a wide wavelength range while concave gratings can function as both a dispersing and focusing element in a spectrometer.

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The short answer is that the sun has an illuminance of about 100k lux (lumens per square meter) on a perpendicular surface at sea level.

However, once the extent of distortion is precisely calculated for each position in the field of view, the calibration data can be compiled into a correction file called a DxO Optics Module.

Modern lenses with their many elements can also exhibit more complex distortion than these three well-known types, and therefore resolving the issues requires higher-order distortion models to be created and applied.

With the hard work done, it takes only seconds for photographers to download the specific DxO Optics Module required and apply corrections to their images. One of these Modules exists for almost every camera and lens combination produced in the last 20 years, and the required module is automatically identified from a photo’s metadata.

There are many sizes of Fresnel lenses, called 'orders', the largest being a first order, which is made up of hundreds of glass prisms. The lenses decrease in ...

However, there is a downside to addressing geometric distortion in software. After the distortion is characterized, the photo is warped to compensate for it, but this means the picture itself will no longer be rectangular. For example, images adjusted for pincushion distortion will have convex edges; and those corrected for barrel distortion will have concave edges.

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Before exporting an image, it needs to be cropped in order to make it rectangular again, effectively shaving off the curved sides. This means that the original field of view becomes smaller, which is a significant problem when using wide-angle lenses – after all, maximizing field of view is why a wide-angle lens is chosen in the first place. Zoom lenses at their wide end are particularly affected by distortion, and after improvement, can require the harshest cropping.

Distortion depends firstly on the focal length (which can be extensive if it’s a zoom lens) and secondly on the focus distance. To create each lens’s model, DxO’s experts test both by photographing a reference image that features dots laid out on a highly precise grid that is perfectly flat and parallel to the camera sensor. To achieve this, many calibrations need to be made, particularly for large-range zoom lenses — a lengthy and demanding process.

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A basic pinhole camera (which has no lens) produces no geometric distortion at all. However, as anyone who’s used one knows, it captures very little light by the nature of its design. Real cameras use lenses to capture more light and obtain sharper images.

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Also, it’s not unusual for compact lenses that go from wide to telephoto to demonstrate different types of distortion as you zoom in. So, you might see some barrel distortion at wide focal lengths which then shifts to pincushion distortion at the longer ones.

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What’s more, if the photographer’s creative intentions require it, DxO’s software allows the full cylindrical projection of the lens to be used without cropping, meaning that all pixels are available for manual trimming or editing. Our method therefore grants the most freedom possible in the process.

Images improved by DxO Optics Modules often require less cropping after geometric distortion has been addressed. That means a greater field of view is possible so you get more of the lens you’ve paid for. What’s more, depending on the intentions of the photographer, the total projection of the lens can be used. In this example using a fisheye lens, it’s possible to adjust the image to produce a cylindrical projection, giving outstanding width and the maximum field of view. Every available pixel appears in the final image, instead of being cropped as would happen with other software.

The degree of geometric distortion in a lens is evaluated using a reference image containing a dot plot laid out on a very precise grid.

DxO’s engineers have established a unique means of correcting distortions so that they can be removed with efficiency and precision. The result is our vast library of DxO Optics Modules.

Distortion – like the ‘barrel’ effect shown here – can make straight lines in an image appear curved, especially toward the edges of the frame.

By fixing the incidence angle α in the grating equation and differentiating with respect to λ, the angular dispersion (D) or change in diffraction angle per unit wavelength can be determined as:

Unfortunately, while many lenses do an incredible job of manipulating light, the laws of physics have their limits. By combining several lenses, and by using aspherical elements, engineers can minimize these aberrations, but there are trade-offs between image quality, cost, weight, zoom range, and so on – and in some conditions, it is tough to avoid geometric distortions.

First let’s recap on what geometric distortion is, identify the common types observed in many lenses, explain why they happen, and how they’re corrected.

• our calibration has very dense coverage of all focal lengths and focus distances, providing excellent corrections up to the image borders.

Therefore, you get higher quality and greater field of view compared to using other software, and often better results than the JPEGs generated by your camera itself.