quantumefficiency中文

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Starting with the ideal case, it is necessary to calculate the number of photons per watt for a given wavelength. For comparison’s sake, we can use 400 nm and 600 nm. The photon energy is given by Planck’s constant, h, the speed of light, c, and the wavelength, λ:

Shown here is the photosensitivity of S11639-01, a CMOS detector often used in similar applications as the CCD detector shown previously. It would be preferable to be able to compare these two directly, but this is not possible because the axis units are different.

And the same phenomenon occurs whether the medium inside the "box" is more or less dense than the surrounding material. With non-parallel sides, we don't expect a prism to behave in exactly the same manner. The light going into the prism is refracted closer to the normal, making qP smaller than qA. The angle formed at the next surface, q'P, is not equal to qP. This means that the next equation, although simply a new application of Snell's Law, does not contain the same size angle as we saw in the case of parallel sides. (It is possible that they would be the same sized angle, but generally not highly likely.) A prism bends the light two times, having a cumulative effect of bending it away from its original direction. The general direction of bending is towards the wide portion or the base of the prism. What would happen if the prism were air and the surroundings were more dense? With a less dense "prism," the initial bending is away from the normal making the angle inside the air larger than the angle outside the air. The second bending is from a larger angle in air to a smaller angle in the new medium. The cumulative effect is to double-bend the light towards the narrow part or the apex of the prism. Future versions of these pages will explore the peculiar effect of prisms which enables them to spread light out into its component colors. For now, rest assured that the behavior of light rays in prisms follows the general rules discussed before.

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With non-parallel sides, we don't expect a prism to behave in exactly the same manner. The light going into the prism is refracted closer to the normal, making qP smaller than qA. The angle formed at the next surface, q'P, is not equal to qP. This means that the next equation, although simply a new application of Snell's Law, does not contain the same size angle as we saw in the case of parallel sides. (It is possible that they would be the same sized angle, but generally not highly likely.) A prism bends the light two times, having a cumulative effect of bending it away from its original direction. The general direction of bending is towards the wide portion or the base of the prism. What would happen if the prism were air and the surroundings were more dense? With a less dense "prism," the initial bending is away from the normal making the angle inside the air larger than the angle outside the air. The second bending is from a larger angle in air to a smaller angle in the new medium. The cumulative effect is to double-bend the light towards the narrow part or the apex of the prism. Future versions of these pages will explore the peculiar effect of prisms which enables them to spread light out into its component colors. For now, rest assured that the behavior of light rays in prisms follows the general rules discussed before.

Spectral response

Future versions of these pages will explore the peculiar effect of prisms which enables them to spread light out into its component colors. For now, rest assured that the behavior of light rays in prisms follows the general rules discussed before.

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But the big problem is that normally this curve does not match that of the detector quantum efficiency. Luminous efficiency is effectively 0 at both 400nm and at 750nm, yet the quantum efficiency for S11639-01 at both these wavelengths is approximately 72% – despite having a sensitivity stated in V/(lx s). Consequently, one can only trust the sensitivity provided in V/(lx s) at the single wavelength for which it provided.

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Another common way to state the sensitivity is in X amperes of photocurrent resulting from Y watts of incoming light. It can be a bit deceiving to look at a curve of the photosensitivity since it is easy to get the impression that this detector is far worse in the UV-region than the plot shown for quantum efficiency. However, one has to convert the photosensitivity to quantum efficiency to obtain a fair comparison.

Externalquantum efficiency

With a less dense "prism," the initial bending is away from the normal making the angle inside the air larger than the angle outside the air. The second bending is from a larger angle in air to a smaller angle in the new medium. The cumulative effect is to double-bend the light towards the narrow part or the apex of the prism. Future versions of these pages will explore the peculiar effect of prisms which enables them to spread light out into its component colors. For now, rest assured that the behavior of light rays in prisms follows the general rules discussed before.

The angle formed at the next surface, q'P, is not equal to qP. This means that the next equation, although simply a new application of Snell's Law, does not contain the same size angle as we saw in the case of parallel sides. (It is possible that they would be the same sized angle, but generally not highly likely.) A prism bends the light two times, having a cumulative effect of bending it away from its original direction. The general direction of bending is towards the wide portion or the base of the prism. What would happen if the prism were air and the surroundings were more dense? With a less dense "prism," the initial bending is away from the normal making the angle inside the air larger than the angle outside the air. The second bending is from a larger angle in air to a smaller angle in the new medium. The cumulative effect is to double-bend the light towards the narrow part or the apex of the prism. Future versions of these pages will explore the peculiar effect of prisms which enables them to spread light out into its component colors. For now, rest assured that the behavior of light rays in prisms follows the general rules discussed before.

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But when converting the photosensitivity to quantum efficiency (red line) the CMOS appears to be substantially similar to the CCD, albeit with a ripple modulation on top. This underlines the importance of comparing apples to apples.

Photoelectric conversionefficiency

Quantum efficiency is perhaps the simplest to explain. Light comes in the form of photons. The quantum efficiency states that for every photon coming in there’s a probability of X % that the photon will generate an electron that is measured by the detector. If a detector has a quantum efficiency of 60%, and 100 photons are impinging on its surface then the detector will count on average 60 electrons. The remaining 40 are lost.

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Each 1 W of energy input consists of N number of photons per second, which is the ideal case is converted into the same N number of electrons per second:

What would happen if the prism were air and the surroundings were more dense? With a less dense "prism," the initial bending is away from the normal making the angle inside the air larger than the angle outside the air. The second bending is from a larger angle in air to a smaller angle in the new medium. The cumulative effect is to double-bend the light towards the narrow part or the apex of the prism. Future versions of these pages will explore the peculiar effect of prisms which enables them to spread light out into its component colors. For now, rest assured that the behavior of light rays in prisms follows the general rules discussed before.

Internalquantum efficiency

In our study under Refraction, we found that the light ray going into an object with parallel sides exits going in the same direction. It will be displaced to one side or the other, but Snell's Law predicts the two angles are equal. n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2 n2 sin q3 = n1 sin q4 n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2 = n2 sin q3 = n1 sin q4 n1 sin q1 = n1 sin q4 q1 = q4 And the same phenomenon occurs whether the medium inside the "box" is more or less dense than the surrounding material. With non-parallel sides, we don't expect a prism to behave in exactly the same manner. The light going into the prism is refracted closer to the normal, making qP smaller than qA. The angle formed at the next surface, q'P, is not equal to qP. This means that the next equation, although simply a new application of Snell's Law, does not contain the same size angle as we saw in the case of parallel sides. (It is possible that they would be the same sized angle, but generally not highly likely.) A prism bends the light two times, having a cumulative effect of bending it away from its original direction. The general direction of bending is towards the wide portion or the base of the prism. What would happen if the prism were air and the surroundings were more dense? With a less dense "prism," the initial bending is away from the normal making the angle inside the air larger than the angle outside the air. The second bending is from a larger angle in air to a smaller angle in the new medium. The cumulative effect is to double-bend the light towards the narrow part or the apex of the prism. Future versions of these pages will explore the peculiar effect of prisms which enables them to spread light out into its component colors. For now, rest assured that the behavior of light rays in prisms follows the general rules discussed before.

Detectivequantum efficiency

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The cumulative effect is to double-bend the light towards the narrow part or the apex of the prism. Future versions of these pages will explore the peculiar effect of prisms which enables them to spread light out into its component colors. For now, rest assured that the behavior of light rays in prisms follows the general rules discussed before.

The second bending is from a larger angle in air to a smaller angle in the new medium. The cumulative effect is to double-bend the light towards the narrow part or the apex of the prism. Future versions of these pages will explore the peculiar effect of prisms which enables them to spread light out into its component colors. For now, rest assured that the behavior of light rays in prisms follows the general rules discussed before.

The exact quantum efficiency is typically different for different wavelengths. The following plot shows an example for a typical silicon CCD detector, S11156-2048-02:

Solar panelefficiency

Now that the equations are in place it is possible to make a direct comparison of the quantum efficiency of the back-thinned CCD detector, and the S11639-01 CMOS detector. From the plot it is evident that the photosensitivity in A/W (blue line) makes the detector look vastly inferior to the CCD detector (green line) at all wavelengths – even if these numbers are not directly comparable.

To determine how fast a detector reaches its full output signal one has to look at the full well capacity. For some detectors, this value would be e.g. 200ke-. If 100 electrons are impinging on the detector every millisecond, and on average 40 of those are lost, then the detector gains 60 electrons every millisecond. In this case, it would take 3300ms, or 3.3s to reach full detector saturation, or what is normally shown as an output of 65535 counts (16 bits).

The sensitivity of different detectors is not always reported equally in datasheets. Some use sensitivity in A/W, others may report a sensitivity of V/(lx s), and finally some report it as quantum efficiency. This makes it difficult to perform direct comparisons and to find the best suited detector. In this technical note, we provide guidelines for converting between the various ways to specify sensitivity.

From the plot, it can be seen that the sensitivity at 400nm is 0.23 A/W, and at 600nm it is 0.38 A/W. By dividing the value from the graph with the ideal value calculated previously we obtain a ratio. This ratio is equivalent to the quantum efficiency:

n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2 n2 sin q3 = n1 sin q4 n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2 = n2 sin q3 = n1 sin q4 n1 sin q1 = n1 sin q4 q1 = q4

A prism bends the light two times, having a cumulative effect of bending it away from its original direction. The general direction of bending is towards the wide portion or the base of the prism. What would happen if the prism were air and the surroundings were more dense? With a less dense "prism," the initial bending is away from the normal making the angle inside the air larger than the angle outside the air. The second bending is from a larger angle in air to a smaller angle in the new medium. The cumulative effect is to double-bend the light towards the narrow part or the apex of the prism. Future versions of these pages will explore the peculiar effect of prisms which enables them to spread light out into its component colors. For now, rest assured that the behavior of light rays in prisms follows the general rules discussed before.

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To continue it is necessary to convert the number of photons per time (which is equal to the number of electrons per time) to a current, I, in ampere. This corresponds to a quantum efficiency of 100%. N/t was the number of electrons per unit time. To convert that to a current multiply by the electron charge, measured in Coulomb:

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Conversion to and from sensitivity expressed in V/(lx s) is not trivial. The reason is that lux, lumens per m2, is a unit that is modulated with the human eye’s photoresponse. This is expressed as the photopic luminous efficacy, i.e. the sensitivity of the cones: