Sapphire windowtransmission

Unlike metallic neutral density filters, each absorptive ND filter is fabricated from one member of a family of Schott glasses (see the Specs tab for more information). Each Schott glass has a spectrally flat absorption coefficient. By varying the type of glass used and the thickness of that glass, we are able to produce our entire line of absorptive ND filters from just four types of Schott glass. See below for detailed information about the average transmission obtained with each of our AR-coated absorptive neutral density filters.

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Sapphire windows are exceptionally tolerant to extreme temperature fluctuations and pressure differences, making them ideal for use as viewports in vacuum chambers or environments containing high-temperature plasma.

Being a single crystal form of Al2O3, sapphire combines a set of advantageous chemical, mechanical, and optical properties. Learn About Sapphire Properties »

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Thorlabs is pleased to offer its most popular unmounted absorptive neutral density filters with a broadband antireflection coating for the 650 - 1050 nm range deposited on both surfaces. These filters are also available in mounted versions or with a broadband AR coating for the 350 - 700 nm range. Please see the Selection Guide table to the right for more information.

Sapphire windows are transparent across a broad spectrum, from 170 nm to 5.5 µm, making them suitable for a wide array of optical applications.

With a high Knoop hardness of 1800 parallel to the optic axis and 2200 perpendicular, sapphire windows offer superior resistance to scratches and abrasion.

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Due to several factors, sapphire optical windows generally come at a higher cost than traditional glass optical windows. The primary reason is the material and manufacturing processes involved. Sapphire is a synthetically produced crystal that requires high temperatures and significant energy to produce, making the initial material more expensive. Additionally, machining sapphire into precise optical windows is a complex process; sapphire’s extreme hardness, while beneficial for durability and performance, also means that special equipment and techniques are required to shape and polish it. This adds to the production costs. In contrast, glass is easier and cheaper to manufacture and can be processed at much lower temperatures with less specialized equipment. Although sapphire windows are more expensive, they are justified for applications demanding high durability, thermal resistance, and optical clarity where the long-term benefits offset the initial investment.

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Custom Sapphire Windows manufactured by Guild Optics are considered among the best in the industry. Our custom sapphire optical components are excellent at protecting delicate lasers, sensors, cameras, and other devices due to their superior strength and scratch resistance. Sapphire Optics can also be used as viewports in high-pressure or vacuum situations. Sapphire windows for pressurized enclosures can be made much thinner than their optical glass counterparts due to sapphire’s high modulus of rupture. With a MOHS hardness of 9, sapphire is second only to diamond, plus it transmits from 190nm to 5000nm, making it a great choice for UV applications and mid-wave infrared.

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A sapphire window is a transparent component made from synthetic sapphire, a form of aluminum oxide crystal known for its exceptional hardness and durability. These windows are highly resistant to scratches, thermal stress, and chemical corrosion, making them ideal for use in environments that are too harsh for standard glass. Due to their superior physical and optical properties, sapphire windows are extensively used in scientific instruments, high-pressure vessels, aerospace applications, and electronic devices where clear, durable, and stable optical performance is crucial.

Please note that these products are not designed for use as laser safety equipment. For lab safety, Thorlabs offers an extensive line of safety and blackout products, including beam blocks, that significantly reduce exposure to stray light.

Sapphire optical windows hold several advantages over traditional glass optical windows, particularly in their durability and performance under extreme conditions. Sapphire, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide, is exceptionally hard—ranking 9 on the Mohs scale, just below diamond. This extreme hardness makes sapphire windows highly resistant to scratching and abrasion, an essential quality in environments where particulate matter might scratch or degrade lesser materials.

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The high-performance, multilayer broadband B coating deposited on each filter is designed to minimize surface reflections within the 650 - 1050 nm range, thereby reducing the amount of stray light present. These coatings provide an average reflectance that is less than 0.5% per surface over the specified wavelength range when light is normally incident on the filter surface. Typical transmission data is available by clicking on the blue info icons () in the tables below.

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In addition to mechanical and thermal robustness, sapphire windows provide superior optical clarity across a wide range of wavelengths, from ultraviolet to near-infrared. This makes them versatile for various optical applications where precise light transmission and clarity are required. While glass windows are sufficient for everyday applications, the demanding conditions of scientific, military, and industrial settings often necessitate the robust features of sapphire optical windows. These characteristics distinctly make sapphire a preferred choice where durability, clarity, and performance under stress are paramount.

where T is a value between 0 and 1. Choosing an ND filter with a higher optical density will translate to lower transmission and greater absorption of the incident light. For higher transmission and less absorption, a lower optical density would be appropriate. As an example, if a filter with an OD of 2 results in a transmission value of 0.01, this means the filter attenuates the beam to 1% of the incident power. Please note that the transmission data for our neutral density filters is provided in percent (%).

Sapphire windows provide unparalleled durability, wide spectral transparency, and resistance to extreme conditions, making them essential in high-performance applications across various industries, from aerospace to scientific research.

Furthermore, sapphire windows boast superior thermal properties. They can withstand temperatures up to 2030 degrees Celsius without losing strength or shape, making them ideal for high-temperature applications that would deform or melt standard glass optics. Sapphire also exhibits excellent chemical resistance, able to withstand exposure to corrosive substances and strong acids without surface damage. This resistance ensures optical clarity and effectiveness remains intact even in chemically harsh environments.

Optical density (OD) indicates the attenuation factor provided by an optical filter, i.e. how much it reduces the optical power of an incident beam. OD is related to the transmission, T, by the equation