Zhi D, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Wang X, Chen Z, Wu W, Zhou P, Si L (2017) Realization of large energy proportion in the central lobe by coherent beam combination based on conformal projection system. Sci Rep 7:2199

Flores A, Shay TM, Lu CA, Robin C, Pulford B, Sanchez AD, Hult DW, Rowland KB (2011) Coherent beam combining of fiber amplifiers in a kW regime. In CLEO:2011—laser applications to photonic applications, OSA technical digest (CD) (Optical Society of America)

Redmond SM, Ripin DJ, Yu CX, Augst SJ, Fan TY, Thielen PA, Rothenberg JE, Goodno GD (2012) Diffractive coherent combining of a 2.5 kW fiber laser array into a 1.9 kW Gaussian beam. Opt Lett 37:2832–2834

Liu Z, Ma P, Su R, Tao R, Ma Y, Wang X, Zhou P (2017) High-power coherent beam polarization combination of fiber lasers: progress and prospect [Invited]. J Opt Soc Am B 34:A7–A14

Coherent combining of light from multiple high power fiber amplifiers is a promising pathway to scaling the output power to hundreds of kiloWatts. In the last decade, substantial progress has been made in terms of scaling number of elements along with improvement in phase control techniques to achieve stable locking, resulting in tens of kiloWatts of output power. In this paper, we review the progress in coherent beam combining of fiber amplifiers in the master oscillator power amplifier configuration. We also discuss the challenges in power scaling as well as the current trends in the corresponding mitigation strategies. Specifically, the use of optimized phase modulation waveforms for mitigation of stimulated Brillouin scattering in high power amplifiers, scaling of the number of beam combining elements through deep-learning based phase control, and the use of micro-lens array for enhancing beam combination efficiency are discussed.

Poulton CV, Yaacobi A, Cole DB, Byrd MJ, Raval M, Vermeulen D, Watts MR (2017) Coherent solid-state LIDAR with silicon photonic optical phased arrays. Opt Lett 42:4091–4094

McNaught SJ, Asman CP, Injeyan H, Jankevics A, Johnson AMF, Jones GC, Komine H, Machan J, Marmo J, McClellan M, Simpson R, Sollee J, Valley MM, Weber M, Weiss SB (2009) 100-kW coherently combined Nd:YAG MOPA laser array. In Frontiers in optics 2009/laser science XXV/fall

Pitch yaw rolldiagram

Zhou P, Liu Z, Wang X, Ma Y, Ma H, Xu X, Guo S (2009) Coherent beam combining of fiber amplifiers using stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm and its application. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 15:248–256

Zhou P, Xiao H, Leng J, Xu J, Chen Z, Zhang H, Liu Z (2017b) High-power fiber lasers based on tandem pumping. J Opt Soc Am B 34:A29–A36

Tünnermann H, Shirakawa A (2020) Tiled aperture beam combining with reinforcement learning. In: 2020 conference on lasers and electro-optics (CLEO), pp 1–2

Shay TM, Baker JT, Sanchez AD, Robin CA, Vergien CL, Zeringue C, Gallant D, Lu CA, Pulford B, Bronder TJ, Lucero A (2009) High-power phase locking of a fiber amplifier array. In: Proceedings of SPIE 7195, fiber lasers VI: technology, systems, and applications, 71951M (19 February)

Dixit A, Sooraj MS, Linslal CL, Padmanabhan A, Venkitesh D, Srinivasan B (2021) Experimental validation of free-space coherent beam combining simulations for filled aperture configuration. In: Conference on lasers and electro-optics (CLEO 2021), OSA technical digest (Optical Society of America)

Jauregui C, Limpert J, Tünnermann A (2011b) On the Raman threshold of passive large mode area fibers. In: Proceedings of SPIE 7914, fiber lasers VIII: technology, systems, and applications, 791408 (10 February)

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Loftus TH, Thomas AM, Norsen M, Minelly JD, Jones P, Honea E, Shakir SA, Hendow S, Culver W, Nelson B, Fitelson M (2008) Four-channel, high power, passively phase locked fiber array. In Advanced solid-state photonics, OSA technical digest series (CD) (Optical Society of America)

Montoya J, Hwang C, Martz D, Aleshire C, Fan TY, Ripin DJ (2017) Photonic lantern kW-class fiber amplifier. Opt Express 25:27543–27550

Li X, Xiao H, Dong X, Ma Y, Xu X (2011) Coherent beam combining of two slab laser amplifiers and second-harmonic phase locking based on a multi-dithering technique. Chin Phys Lett 28:094210

Yu CX, Augst SJ, Redmond SM, Goldizen KC, Murphy DV, Sanchez A, Fan TY (2011) Coherent combining of a 4 kW, eight-element fiber amplifier array. Opt Lett 36:2686–2688

Pitch yaw rollXYZ

Vasilyev A, Petersen E, Satyan N, Rakuljic G, Yariv A, White JO (2013) Coherent Power Combining of Chirped-Seed Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 25:1616–1618

Ayyaswamy P, Linslal CL, Dixit A, Venkitesh D, Srinivasan B (2021) Data-driven modeling of phase noise sources in coherent beam combining. In: Laser applications conference, OSA laser congress

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Corcoran CJ, Rediker RH (1991) Operation of five individual diode lasers as a coherent ensemble by fiber coupling into an external cavity. Appl Phys Lett 59:759–761

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Wang D, Du Q, Zhou T, Li D, Wilcox R (2021) Stabilization of the 81-channel coherent beam combination using machine learning. Opt Express 29:5694–5709

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Fu X, Brunton SL, Kutz JN (2014) Classification of birefringence in mode-locked fiber lasers using machine learning and sparse representation. Opt Express 22:8585–8597

Flores A, Dajani I, Holten RH, Ehrenreich T, Anderson BT (2016) Multi-kilowatt diffractive coherent combining of pseudorandom-modulated fiber amplifiers. Opt Eng 55(9):096101

Honea E, Afzal RS, Savage-Leuchs M, Henrie J, Brar K, Kurz N, Jander D, Gitkind N, Hu D, Robin C, Jones AM, Kasinadhuni R, Humphreys R (2016) Advances in fiber laser spectral beam combining for power scaling. In: Proceedings ’components and packaging for laser systems II’, vol 9730

When it comes to the foot, I really like that it has the same shape and orientation as a plane (complete with gravity and forward direction).  Here is a movement breakdown in open chain, or floating in space:

Pitch yaw rolldrone

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Jones DC, Turner AJ, Scott AM, Stone SM, Clark RG, Stace C, Stacey CD (2010) A multi-channel phase locked fibre bundle laser. In: Proceedings of SPIE 7580, fiber lasers VII: technology, systems, and applications, 75801V (17 February)

Prossotowicz M, Heimes A, Flamm D, Jansen F, Otto H, Budnicki A, Killi A, Morgner U (2020) Coherent beam combining with micro-lens arrays. Opt Lett 45:6728–6731

Please note that because of positional bias and the way that the structure ‘sits’, there is almost always a hint of another axial rotation.  The plane does not lie ‘perfectly flat’ at any moment.

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Hu Q, Zhao X, Tian X, Li H, Wang M, Wang Z, Xu X (2022) Raman suppression in 5 kW fiber amplifier using long period fiber grating fabricated by CO2 laser. Opt Laser Technol 145:107484

Song H, Yan D, Wu W, Shen B, Feng X, Liu Y, Li L, Chu Q, Li M, Wang J, Tao R (2021) SRS suppression in multi-kW fiber lasers with a multiplexed CTFBG. Opt Express 29:20535–20544

Pitch yaw rollaircraft

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How might you examine each action of the foot as it functions independently?  Place it on a surface in which there is an overhang and the foot doesn’t fit (like the bricks).  There is a rhyme and reason to the words and methods used by Adarian Barr.  Next level comprehension will take a little bit of extra work by the learner to follow along.  The beauty of doing so, however, is that even riding his jet fumes will get you galaxies beyond everyone else.

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Zhu J, Zhou P, Ma Y, Xu X, Liu Z (2011) Power scaling analysis of tandem-pumped Yb-doped fiber lasers and amplifiers. Opt Express 19:18645–18654

Shekel E, Vidne Y, Urbach B (2020) 16 kW single mode CW laser with dynamic beam for material processing. In: Proceedings of SPIE 11260, fiber lasers XVII: technology and systems, p 1126021 (21 February)

Mnih V, Kavukcuoglu K, Silver D, Graves A, Antonoglou I, Wierstra D, Riedmiller M (2013) Playing Atari with deep reinforcement learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.5602

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Satyan N, Vasilyev A, Rakuljic G, White JO, Yariv A (2012) Phase-locking and coherent power combining of broadband linearly chirped optical waves. Opt Express 20:25213–25227

Truth be told, anatomical planes of motion always confused me.  Despite my kinesiology degree and multiple ‘trainer certifications’, I always had to pause and think about which motions went through which planes.

Anderegg J, Brosnan S, Cheung E, Epp P, Hammons D, Komine H, Weber M, Wickham M (2006) Coherently coupled high-power fiber arrays. In: Proceedings of SPIE 6102, fiber lasers III: technology, systems, and applications, 61020U (23 February)

Yu-Hao X, Bing H, Jun Z, Zhen L, Yuan-Yuan F, Yun-Feng Q, Chi L, Zhi-Jun Y, Hai-Bo Z, Qi-Hong L (2011) High power passive phase locking of four Yb-doped fiber amplifiers by an all-optical feedback loop. Chin Phys Lett 28:054212

In closed chain movements, when the ground is involved, actions utilize a combination of rotations.  Yaw occurs through the shin, pitch when the heel lifts, and roll as the we finish the movement off the inside edge of the big toe:

Ma Y, Zhou P, Wang X, Ma H, Xu X, Si L, Liu Z, Zhao Y (2011b) Active phase locking of fiber amplifiers using sine-cosine single-frequency dithering technique. Appl Opt 50:3330–3336

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Geng C, Luo W, Tan Y, Liu H, Mu J, Li X (2013) Experimental demonstration of using divergence cost-function in SPGD algorithm for coherent beam combining with tip/tilt control. Opt Express 21:25045–25055

Cheung EC, Ho JG, Goodno GD, Rice RR, Rothenberg J, Thielen P, Weber M, Wickham M (2008) Diffractive-optics-based beam combination of a phase-locked fiber laser array. Opt Lett 33:354–356

Bruesselbach H, Jones DC, Mangir MS, Minden M, Rogers JL (2005a) Self-organized coherence in fiber laser arrays. Opt Lett 30:1339–1341

Klenke A, Müller M, Stark H, Tünnermann A, Limpert J (2018) Sequential phase locking scheme for a filled aperture intensity coherent combination of beam arrays. Opt Express 26:12072–12080

The authors would like to acknowledge funding support by DRDO Laser Science & Technology Centre (LASTEC) and Centre for High Energy Systems & Sciences (CHESS) through Contract for Acquisition of Research Services (CARS) projects, and MHRD/DRDO, Government of India through the Impacting Research Innovation and Technology scheme (IMPRINT/5375), as well as technical discussions with Drs. Anup Shah and Jagannath Nayak. The authors are thankful to Prof. Johan Nilsson and Dr. Yusuf Panbiharwala for the technical discussions.

Pitch yaw rollcar

Goodno GD, Asman CP, Anderegg J, Brosnan S, Cheung EC, Hammons D, Injeyan H, Komine H, Long WH, McClellan M, McNaught SJ, Redmond S, Simpson R, Sollee J, Weber M, Weiss SB, Wickham M (2007) Brightness-scaling potential of actively phase-locked solid-state laser arrays. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 13:460–472

Leger JR, Scott ML, Veldkamp WB (1988) Coherent addition of AlGaAs lasers using microlenses and diffractive coupling. Appl Phys Lett 52:1771–1773

roll,pitch yawrobotics

Vikram BS, Prakash R, Balaswamy V, Supradeepa VR (2021) Determination and analysis of line-shape induced enhancement of stimulated Brillouin scattering in noise broadened, narrow linewidth, high power fiber lasers. IEEE Photon J 13:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2021.3067350

Simple.  For those that need to disrupt a current schema while using that current schema, they can also be described through the lens of ‘known’ and ‘accepted’ planes of motion:

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Present address: Joint Advanced Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India

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Moyer RH, Valley M, Cimolino MC (1988) Beam combination through stimulated Brillouin scattering. J Opt Soc Am B 5:2473–2489

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Pitch roll

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Ng AY, Coates A, Diel M, Ganapathi V, Schulte J, Tse B, Berger E, Liang E (2006) Autonomous inverted helicopter flight via reinforcement learning. In Experimental robotics IX. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 363–372

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When new words are introduced, we tend to react as if they make things more complicated.  We already know.  We already have an understanding on what the terms we already use mean.  Why would we change?  We change when we are open enough to learn another way, and consider that it actually might make understanding and communicating things easier.

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Pitch Yaw rollface

Charles Lailabai Linslal, Padmanabhan Ayyaswamy, Satyajit Maji, Mundakkolly Sureshbabu Sooraj, Awakash Dixit, Deepa Venkitesh & Balaji Srinivasan

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The fact that flexion and extension movements go through the frontal plane is NOT intuitive.  I have to enter the second layer of processing and ask, “Which plane of glass would break when I moved?”

Zhou T, Sano T, Wilcox R (2017a) Coherent combination of ultrashort pulse beams using two diffractive optics. Opt Lett 42:4422–4425

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Labroille G, Denolle B, Jian P, Genevaux P, Treps N, Morizur J (2014) Efficient and mode selective spatial mode multiplexer based on multi-plane light conversion. Opt Express 22:15599–15607

Qiu Y, Xie Y, Wang W, Liu W, Kuang L, Bai X, Hu M, Ho J (2019) Ultra-high-power and high-efficiency 905 nm pulsed laser for LiDAR. In: 2019 IEEE 4th optoelectronics global conference (OGC), pp 32–35

Dawson JW, Messerly MJ, Beach RJ, Shverdin MY, Stappaerts EA, Sridharan AK, Pax PH, Heebner JE, Siders CW, Barty CPJ (2008) Analysis of the scalability of diffraction-limited fiber lasers and amplifiers to high average power. Opt Express 16:13240–13266

Harish AV, Nilsson J (2015) Optimization of phase modulation with arbitrary waveform generators for optical spectral control and suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering. Opt Express 23:6988–6999

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Hou T, Chang Q, Chang H, Liu W, Ma P, Su R, Ma Y, Zhou P (2020) Structuring orbital angular momentum beams by coherent laser array systems with tip-tilt optimization. Results Phys 19:103602

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