Eyeglasses: What They Are, How They Work, Parts & Types - lens vision

 2024-07-05 05:07:33

When the PA Turnpike launches ORT in 2025, toll rates will include a per-mile charge based on the length of the “segment” — the stretch of roadway between interchanges that customers travel — along with a fixed charge at each gantry. The per-mile rate and fixed charge will be determined by the vehicle’s classification. These rates will be set and announced before ORT conversion.

The maximum aperture f-number is calculated by dividing the focal length by the effective aperture diameter. So a lens with a lower maximum f-number like f/2.8 has a wider maximum aperture compared to one with a higher number like f/5.6.

Our toll rates reflect the cost of operating, rebuilding, and expanding the nation’s oldest four-lane superhighway, parts of which came into service in 1940 — about 15 years before the first U.S. interstates. Tolls fund all our efforts to provide safe, nonstop travel, including 24/7 PA State Police coverage, maintenance, and our safety patrols. Tolls also fund the significant capital investments to rebuild and expand our 560+ mile system to meet growing demand.

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Another key benefit that ORT provides is the ability to provide greater access for communities near the Turnpike. With ORT, the Turnpike can design and construct new connections at locations in between existing Turnpike interchanges at a fraction of the cost of traditional, brick-and-mortar interchanges.

In 2025, the system will move toward ORT. The system and our rate of collections is performing within expectations set for us by our 10 years of research and what we know to be standard at our peer agencies nationwide.

Since lenses are designed for a specific sensor size, you'll need to select one that matches your camera's sensor format. Full-frame lenses can be used on APS-C bodies but provide a further crop. However, APS-C lenses cannot fully cover a full-frame sensor.

In 2011, the Turnpike conducted a study on the impact that AET would have on customers, operations and our organization. The PA Turnpike Commission launched a series of AET pilots across the state beginning in 2016 to get real-world data, which continues to show that the technology and our tolling system is meeting all projections.

Toll rates also reflect the borrowing costs the Turnpike has incurred in the last 16 years due to a state law, Act 44, which requires the Turnpike to provide supplemental funding to PennDOT, principally to fund transit systems across the state. To learn more about Act 44 and its impact on our customers and agency, please click here.

By far, toll dollars comprise the most significant revenue source for the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission; in fact, the PTC receives zero tax dollars for the operation and maintenance of its 564-mile highway system. When it comes to collection of tolls, the PTC takes a multi-pronged approach. We do all we can to ensure everyone pays. It’s good business and fair play. Most Turnpike customers — around 85% — use E-ZPass which requires a prepaid account. Most Toll By Plate customers also pay invoices on time. The Turnpike is serious about everyone paying their fair share and chases after those who don’t.

The 17-70mm F/2.8 Di III-A VC RXD (Model B070) is a large-aperture standard zoom lens for APS-C format mirrorless cameras. With a focal length range of 17mm to 70mm (a full-frame equivalent of 25.5-105mm) for daily use, this achieves a 4.1x zoom. The optical design ensures high resolution and high contrast not just in the center of the image but also in corners and at the edges. The quiet AF drive motor and the VC image stabilization mechanism facilitate hand-held shooting. In addition, by counteracting focus breathing, the 17-70mm F2.8 empowers users' expression of their creative intentions to the fullest degree. This highly practical lens allows you to easily enjoy the high image quality of a large F2.8 aperture for both still and video shooting.

The ORT system is the next phase of our current All-Electronic Tolling (AET) system, which has been in place since 2020. Since there is no longer a need for toll plazas, they will be replaced by the gantries, meaning there is no need to slow down and maneuver to and through the toll booth lane. And, since there are no barriers at access points, it creates an “open road” model where traffic can flow freely while being charged accordingly.

Camerafocal lengthchart

Equipment on the gantry and in the roadway classifies and identifies the vehicle and electronically processes tolls. ORT allows free-flowing traffic, which reduces incidents and offers the convenience our customers expect and appreciate.

For example, a APS-C lens at 20mm focal length has an equivalent full-frame angle of view of around 30mm (20 x 1.5). Consulting crop factor charts helps visualize the angles of view for different focal lengths on APS-C sensors when choosing lenses.

These new, free-flowing connections ease traffic at nearby interchanges, increase safety and mobility throughout the region, and help boost the economic opportunities in the communities they serve. In anticipation of ORT, the PA Turnpike is already developing three new interchanges across the Commonwealth:

28-75mm F/2.8 Di III VXD G2 (Model A063) is the second-generation fast-aperture standard zoom lens for Sony and Nikon full-frame mirrorless cameras, offering significantly improved optical and autofocus performance and new function customization. You can find 28-75mm complete review online.

Just four years after the Turnpike started to make these massive payments of $450 million annually to PennDOT, it became clear that the obligation was unsustainable for the Turnpike and our customers. In 2013, state legislators passed Act 89, which slashed the annual payments from $450 million to $50 million per year beginning in 2022. However, the measure did not relieve the Turnpike of the debt resulting from borrowing close to $9 billion from 2007 to 2022.

Focaldistance vsfocal length

ORT systems have been operating across the U.S. and around the globe for more than 20 years. They rely on innovations in technology to identify and classify each vehicle as it passes beneath the gantry.

In an ORT system, tolls are charged electronically as customers drive at highway speeds without slowing down or stopping beneath overhead structures — called gantries — located between interchanges.

Photographers should select Portrait lens based on their desired angle of view, subject magnification needs, and aperture requirements for different shooting scenarios like landscapes, portraits, sports, and wildlife.

From the outset, the objective has been to move collections away from the interchanges once gantries are installed along the mainline. The resulting reduction in congestion makes paying your toll faster, more convenient, and safer.

Despite what you might hear and read, traveling the Turnpike is NOT one of the most expensive rates in the country. Our per-mile toll rates are in the middle of the pack when compared to other toll agencies across the country and the per-mile toll rate is below the national average for passenger vehicles and most commercial vehicles. It’s important to note that U.S. tolling agencies have adopted our practice of annual rate increases to meet rising financial obligations.

On the flip side, telephoto lenses with longer focal lengths exhibit a very shallow depth of field. This results in pleasantly blurred bokeh backgrounds that make the main subject really stand out against the soft defocused areas. Leveraging this compressed look with pronounced bokeh is ideal for portraits and other scenes where you want to isolate the subject from the background.

The PA Turnpike is converting to Open Road Tolling (ORT). It is a safer, more convenient, and more affordable way for our customers to travel.

While focal length is critically important, another key factor to consider when choosing a lens is the image sensor size of your camera body. Digital cameras primarily use two main sensor formats - 35mm full-frame and APS-C crop sensors.

A full-frame sensor measures 36mm x 24mm, which is the same size as 35mm film. This larger sensor captures a wider field of view, greater dynamic range, and lower noise compared to smaller sensors. The APS-C format has a smaller 23.5mm x 15.6mm* sensor size, resulting in a more tightly cropped angle of view.

The 17-28mm F/2.8 Di III RXD (Model A046) achieves a filter diameter of ø67mm, which is surprising for a large aperture ultra wide-angle zoom lens for full-frame cameras. It’s small and light weight with a good camera balance. It's a dedicated lens for mirrorless interchangeable -lens cameras that can be carried easily and can be used in various situations.

In addition, the Turnpike is using this change as an opportunity to standardize per-mile toll rates statewide. Because the Turnpike opened in sections in the 1940s and 50s, tolls were set for each segment based on revenue requirements at the time. Today, these per-mile rates can vary based on the road’s age. As ORT is implemented, the PA Turnpike Commission plans to standardize per-mile rates to bring uniformity across the 564-mile Turnpike system.

The 20-40mm F/2.8 Di III VXD (Model A062) is a new large-aperture standard zoom lens that thoroughly pursues portability. While covering the range from the ultra-wide angle of 20mm to the standard range of 40mm, it is the smallest and lightest in its class. It also offers high image quality throughout the entire zoom range, making it useful not only for still image shooting but also for video recording such as vlogging. The VXD, which is quiet and agile, achieves high-speed, high-precision autofocusing. It is a new, unprecedented large-aperture standard zoom lens that allows users to easily enjoy taking out and shooting both still and video.

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The 50-400mm F/4.5-6.3 Di III VC VXD (Model A067) is an ultra-telephoto zoom lens with an 8x zoom starting at 50mm at the wide-angle end and compatible with full-frame mirrorless cameras. The lens delivers uncompromised high image quality over the entire 50-400mm focal length range, yet is as compact and lightweight as a 100-400mm class lens. Equipped with the VXD mechanism and the VC mechanism, the lens can quickly focus on the subject's movement when shooting sports and wild birds. The 50-400mm F4.5-6.3 is a new ultra-telephoto zoom lens that combines unparalleled image quality and mobility.

Example of a zoom lens: 28-75mm F/2.8 Di III VXD G2 (Model A063) Example of a prime lens: 20mm F/2.8 Di III OSD M1:2 (Model F050)

The Turnpike’s debt service — the repayment of bonds — will continue to rise even though borrowing has ended, growing to an annual maximum of $600 million by 2038 before declining. The Turnpike will be obligated to continue increasing tolls each January. Based on current traffic-and-revenue projections, the Act 44 financial plan calls for toll increases of 5% through 2025, 4% in 2026, 3.5% in 2027, and 3% annually from 2028 until 2050.

Focal length of lensformula

So when evaluating lenses, consider both the focal length for your desired angle of view and perspective, as well as the maximum aperture f-number for its low-light capabilities and creative control over depth of field. Both specifications play vital roles in determining the lens' overall imaging performance.

The 70-300mm F/4.5-6.3 Di III RXD (Model A047) for full-frame Mirrorless lenses is a telephoto zoom lens designed and created so photographers of all skill levels can enjoy high quality images comfortably. The 70-300mm F4.5-6.3 covers a broad telephoto zoom range yet is the small and lightest weight. With special emphasis on resolving power, TAMRON has deployed special lens elements appropriately arranged to correct chromatic aberration, generally very strong in a telephoto lens, as well as other aberrations. Users can enjoy high-resolution images combined with stunning bokeh qualities that are achievable only with a telephoto lens. The lens also incorporates the RXD, a high-speed precision AF drive system that is remarkably quiet. The 70-300mm F4.5-6.3 is a versatile lens for photographing landscapes, sports and other action, pets, wildlife, and more. The lens also demonstrates its potential for portrait shooting, casual snapshots, and scenarios that require you to be mobile and shoot handheld, like sporting events.

70-180mm F/2.8 Di III VC VXD G2 (Model A065) has evolved to G2 level.This is the world’s smallest and lightest, fast-aperture telephoto zoom lens for Sony E-mount with astounding portability and superb image quality.

When using an interchangeable lens camera like a DSLR or mirrorless system, understanding focal length is crucial for capturing impressive photos. The focal length influences the angle of view, focus area, and degree of background blur (bokeh). By learning how focal length works, you can choose lenses that allow you to frame your subjects exactly as you envision - adjusting the field of view, pinpointing the focus, and controlling background defocus. Mastering this fundamental lens characteristic opens up creative possibilities for gorgeous, impactful imagery with your camera system.

When light rays travel through a lens, they bend (refract) and converge at a specific point called the focal point. This is where the light focuses and forms an image. The focal length refers to the distance between the optical center of the lens and the image sensor. At this precise length from the lens, the sensor captures the focused image formed by the converging light rays.

Telephoto zoom lenses magnify distant subjects, making them the best lens for wildlife photography. Their long reach also flattens perspective when shooting landscapes during hiking trips. However, telephoto zooms also excel for portraits. Their shallower depth of field produces beautiful blurred backgrounds that isolate the subject with smooth bokeh. This compression effect renders flattering features and makes subjects pop against the defocused setting for striking portraits.

Most camera lenses clearly display the focal length value. For example, in a lens labelled "28-75mm F/2.8", the "xx mm" part denotes the focal length range. There are two main types of lenses in this regard - prime lenses with a fixed focal length shown as a single number like "20mm", and zoom lenses which have a variable focal length range like "28-75mm". So if you see a focal length specified as a range of numbers, that indicates it's a zoom lens capable of varying its focal length. But if only one focal length number is listed, it's a prime lens with a single, fixed focal length.

Wide-angle lenses span from ultra-wide to standard focal lengths. The ultra-wide capability lets you get up close to large subjects like buildings while still capturing an immense view, resulting in dynamic, sweeping shots. The exaggerated perspective also enables unique portraits and pet photos that emphasize the subject's size and surroundings creatively.

Now more than ever, tolling facilities around the globe are implementing cashless operations. We're seeing its benefits in safety, mobility, sustainability, and environmental, just to name a few.

The Turnpike is now able to make investments in our system, which had been significantly reduced due to Act 44 impacts and the traffic and revenue loss caused by the pandemic. In FY 2023, the Turnpike is investing $630 million in our capital plan. This spending will have a direct, positive impact on our customers and our statewide economy. At the Turnpike, we are expanding the roadway from four to six lanes to keep up with increased demands and for safety purposes; we are installing a systemwide fiber optic network to power our conversion to All-Electronic Tolling and other improvements. We are adding new interchanges in Montgomery, Lackawanna, and Westmoreland Counties. These interchanges are a critical economic driver for these communities and our state. Ultimately, our goal is to increase capital investments to $1 billion annually. Click here to learn more about our capital plan.

The key point about focal length is that it directly determines the angle of view captured by the lens. The angle of view refers to the width of the scene that the camera can capture through the lens - the larger the angle, the wider the field of view.

Focal length

Focal length refers to the distance between a lens's optical center and the camera's image sensor. This measurement critically dictates the angle of view captured. Lenses with shorter focal lengths are classified as wide-angle, providing an expansive field of view. Conversely, those with longer focal lengths are telephoto lenses, offering a narrower, magnified perspective. Standard lenses fall in between these two extremes. When selecting optics, carefully consider the focal length best suited to render your desired angle of view and framing for the subjects or scenes you aim to photograph.

As a general guideline, focal lengths below 35mm are considered wide-angle, around 50mm is a standard lens, and above 75mm is telephoto.

Shortfocal length

Product Page | 11-20mm F/2.8 Di III-A RXD (Model B060) is the world's first compact, lightweight F2.8 ultra wide-angle zoom lens for Sony E-mount APS-C mirrorless cameras. Can be a great choice for video shooting.

Lenses with wider maximum apertures (smaller f-numbers) are more light-sensitive, enabling faster shutter speeds to freeze action and better low-light performance. They also provide a shallower depth of field for separating subjects with beautiful background blur.

The 150-500mm F/5-6.7 Di III VC VXD (Model A057) is compact enough to be handheld while maintaining a focal length of 500mm on the telephoto end. It allows users to easily enjoy the world of the 500mm ultra-telephoto lens while maintaining its high image quality. The high-speed, high-precision AF with excellent tracking performance and the VC mechanism support handheld shooting in the ultra-telephoto range.

For years, state lawmakers sought innovative ways to fund mounting transportation needs — road, bridge, and transit projects — without raising the already-hefty PA fuel tax. In 2007, these discussions led to passage of Act 44, which called for the state to seek permission to toll Interstate 80 from the federal government. After years of study, planning, and outreach, the Federal Highway Administration rejected Pennsylvania’s tolling application. Even so, the Turnpike’s Act-44 requirement didn’t completely disappear.

A lower f-number indicates a wider maximum aperture diameter, allowing more light to pass through the lens onto the sensor. This greater light gathering capability provides several advantages.

No, our agency has kept operating costs flat for the last five years, even though we are now managing more lane miles and traffic volume than ever before. In addition, the Turnpike has done an effective job managing the debt placed upon us by Act 44 by making prudent borrowing decisions.

When using an APS-C sensor, you'll need to calculate the "35mm equivalent" focal length to understand the actual angle of view, as focal lengths are traditionally referenced to the full-frame format. This is done by multiplying the APS-C lens' focal length by the crop factor (around 1.5x for most brands).

The 35-150mm F/2-2.8 Di III VXD (Model A058) is a high-resolution travel zoom lens that covers everything from the 35mm wide angle to the 150mm telephoto focal length, the first zoom lens achieving an aperture of F2 at the wide-angle end. It has a groundbreaking fast-aperture and utilizes the linear motor focus mechanism VXD (Voice-coil eXtreme-torque Drive), thereby achieving high speed, high precision autofocusing. The innovative lens design enabled us to greatly improve the lens's grip and functionality. The software, developed in-house, enables to easily customize functions and to update firmware.

No. The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission’s sole source of operating-revenue comes from our tolls collected. Our agency does not receive tax dollars from the Commonwealth to maintain and operate our existing system. In fact, the situation is quite the opposite. Under state law, Act 44 enacted in 2007, the Turnpike has provided PennDOT with $8 billion in funding, mainly to fund mass-transit needs in the Commonwealth’s largest metro areas.

Motorists travelling on the eastern part of the PA Turnpike mainline and Northeastern Extension will see toll equipment buildings and overhead steel structures called gantries being built starting on I-76 at milepost 290.7 in Lancaster County, moving east to I-276 at milepost 348.7 in Bucks County, and then along the Northeastern Extension (I-476) beginning at milepost A27.4 in Montgomery County up to milepost A123.4 in Lackawanna County.

11-20mm F/2.8 Di III-A RXD (Model B060) is the world's first compact, lightweight F2.8 ultra wide-angle zoom lens for e-mount Sony APS-C mirrorless cameras. Can be the Best Lenses for Filmmaking.

FOV tofocal length

Another key attribute related to focal length is depth of field. Depth of field refers to the zone of acceptable sharpness in an image, extending from the focused subject to the background. A deep depth of field means that both the subject and background appear in focus over a wide range. Conversely, a shallow depth of field renders a blurred, smooth bokeh effect in the out-of-focus background areas surrounding the subject.

The 17-50mm F/4 Di III VXD (Model A068)It's the world’s first lens covering from ultra wide-angle 17mm to the standard 50mm focal length. The highly-compact TAMRON 17-50mm F/4 Di III VXD (model a068) for Sony E-mount full-frame mirrorless cameras offers maximum versatility for still and video creators. From landscapes to living rooms, this lens captures all that you see.

The Turnpike recognizes that customers pay a premium to use the Turnpike. From the conveniences we offer at all of our Service Plazas, to keeping our roads safe and clear during severe weather events, and to using national standards and metrics for factors such as road surface quality, travel time and safety, the Turnpike produces an annual performance report that shows we match or exceed most of our industry benchmarks. In short, we are providing safe, uninterrupted time-saving travel on a well-maintained interstate system with 24/7 police and maintenance coverage.

A standard best zoom lens offers a versatile focal range spanning from wide-angle to telephoto perspectives around the 50mm mark. These flexible lenses excel not just for candids and portraits, but prove invaluable across a diverse array of shooting situations. At the wide end, they can capture expansive landscapes, while the telephoto capabilities allow zooming in on distant subjects like animals or architectural details. With this walkaround range, a quality standard zoom is an extremely versatile option capable of handling everything from environmental shots to telephoto compression effects in a single lens.

Changing the focal length drastically alters the perspective and composition. For example, a portrait taken at 35mm with the TAMRON 35-150mm F/2-2.8 lens shows the subject in an environmental context with the background. But at 150mm, the longer telephoto focal length compresses the perspective, magnifying the subject's face while blurring the background for a shallow depth of field effect. This ability to creatively adjust the angle of view by varying the focal length of a zoom lens allows you to capture vastly different looks and impressions.

Ultra-telephoto zoom lenses provide an extreme magnification capability that allows you to enlarge and capture distant subjects that are impossible to get physically close to. This makes them perfectly suited for photographing wildlife from a safe distance, as well as action at large sporting venues, aircraft, trains and other far-away moving objects

Open Road Tolling will begin in 2025 in the eastern part of the state. Specifically, east of Reading and on the Northeastern Extension. It will expand to the western region of the PA Turnpike beginning in late 2026.

The thought has always been to move collections away from our interchanges once the gantries were installed along the mainline of the PA Turnpike. This transition started more than 10 years ago. It has been implemented in phases to ensure a seamless conversion from our hybrid cash and E-ZPass system to our current All-Electronic Tolling (AET) system, and ultimately moving to our ORT system.

Lenses are broadly categorized into three types based on their angle of view: wide-angle, standard, and telephoto. A standard lens provides an angle of view similar to the human eye's natural field of vision. Wide-angle lenses offer an expansive wide angle of view, while telephoto lenses have a narrow, magnified angle ideal for distant subjects.

We've created an interactive map that allows you to view the gantries at each location along our roadway. Click here to access the map and view more details.

Lenses with shorter focal lengths and wider maximum apertures tend to produce greater depth of field. Wide-angle lenses are excellent digital photography lenses, where you want to capture both foreground and background elements in crisp focus. Their short focal length increases depth of field, allowing details throughout the scene to be rendered sharply.