Ray Tracing of Thin Lenses - OptiCampus.com - Optivision Inc. - ray tracing optics
Vintage C-mountLens
Changing the focal length or FOV is only one way to control the size of an object in the frame ("zooming in" or "zooming out"). The other way is to actually move the camera closer or farther away from the subject. Note that these are not equivalent and will result in very different looks. While the focal length/FOV changes the size of a single object in the frame, the relative sizes of 2 objects in the scene depends ONLY on the location of the camera relative to these objects. Thus framing a scene with multiple subjects involves positioning the camera to achieve the desired blocking and relative sizes of the subjects, THEN adjusting the Focal Length to achieve the desired overall framing. In the following example, the two cylinders in the scene are the same height (10). We position the camera such that the red cylinder is approximately ½ the size of the green/yellow cylinder. We then show the effect of first making the focal length wider and of moving the camera
C-Mount Macrolens
Focal Length = 50mm â Camera moved farther from subjects to make the green/yellow cylinder roughly the same size in the frame as in the previous image. Notice that the red cylinder is now much large relative to the green/yellow cylinder.
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To get a sharp image, you not only need the right camera, but also the right lens to go with it. Our beginner's guide to lens selection will help.
C-mountlensadapter
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By default, cameras created in Maya have their "sensor size" (referred to as Camera Aperture in Maya) set to 1.417 inches x 0.945 inches = 36mm x 24mm, so you can use familiar values to set the focal length. In contrast, Softimage cameras are created by default with a sensor size of 0.189 inches x 0.126 inches = 4.8mm x 3.2mm which does not directly correspond to a commonly used sensor size in digital or film cameras. As a result, focal length values in Softimage will be much smaller than those in Maya.
Adapter rings can allow you to connect C-mount lenses to CS-mount cameras, broadening the application reach of the equipment. Note that CS-mount lenses cannot be connected to C-mount cameras due to the shorter flange focal distance.
C Mount Lensebay
How do you find the right lens for a camera? What roles do resolution, sensor size, image circle, focal length, and lens size play in creating optimal image quality?
The Field of View (FOV), or Angle of View of a camera describes how much of the scene is visible from the camera, or how "wide" or "zoomed-in" the view appears, and as a consequence, how large or small objects appear in the frame. FOV is measured in degrees, either horizontally, vertically or (more rarely) diagonally. Larger FOV values indicate that more of the scene is visible and therefore objects will appear smaller, whereas smaller values mean less of the scene is visible and objects will appear larger. The Focal Length of a camera, usually measured in millimeters, is the distance from the film or sensor back to the optical center of the lens. There is a direct (non-linear) relationship between focal length and FOV. Longer focal lengths result in narrower FOVs, while shorter focal lengths result in wider FOVs. There is a direct linear relationship between focal length and the apparent size of the subject in the frame. For example, doubling the focal length will make the subject twice as large in the frame. The relationship between focal length and FOV depends on the physical size of the film or sensor onto which the image is projected. For 35mm film cameras or so-called "full frame" digital cameras, this size is 36mm x 24mm. For such cameras, commonly used focal lengths are:
In order to connect a lens to a camera, we need a threaded connection—the mount. Mount sizes are standardized and are indicated by letters, with the C-mount being the most common type used for machine vision cameras. It is used for sensor diagonals measuring up to 20 mm, or 1.5 inches. The thread has a nominal diameter of 1 inch (24.5 mm) and a pitch of 1/32 inches. The flange focal distance of this lens mount is 17.526 mm (0.69 inch).
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C-Mount ZoomLens
Image taken by rotating the camera up to capture the full height of the subjects. Notice the significant perspective distortion.
_Focal Length = 24mm â Focal length changed, no camera movement. Notice the red cylinder still ½ the height of the green/yellow cylinder, but more of the background is exposed._
C-Mountlenssize
Image taken with camera at the same location, with same focal length, but using shift instead of rotating the camera. Notice that we no longer suffer from perspective distortion.
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In most consumer cameras, the lens is centered on the imaging plane (film back or sensor). However some professional cameras include the ability to adjust the offset of the lens with respect to the sensor. This lens offset is usually referred to a shift. Shift can be used to maintain a certain perspective while changing the composition of the image, or more commonly, to correct for the natural perspective distortion that occurs when photographing a building or other large structure from the ground.