Field of viewhuman eye

Let’s look at Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMR) as a reference. These autonomous systems perform obstacle detection and obstacle avoidance (ODOA) to seamlessly navigate their environment. Many of them require FOVs in excess of 180 degrees. This ultra-wide FOV is achieved by using multi-camera systems.

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Field of viewcamera

I have gone on a great many trips with f/2.8 lenses and mostly stopped them down to somewhere between f/2.8 and f/4, or beyond f/4. In my catalog I have only 1,378 photos shot between f/2.8 and f/4 (exclusive), which is only 2.5% of all of my photos, almost a statistical anomaly.

However, selecting and evaluating sensors and lenses can be challenging. The right combination can help build a highly optimized embedded vision system that meets all your standards. Of course, when selecting a lens for an embedded camera, numerous factors, such as Field Of View (FOV), must be considered.

Standard field of viewnikon

Is that additional aperture worth $850 to you? Perhaps it is. In the 70-200mm focal length the difference is even more stark: the Sony FE 70-200mm f/4 G sells now for $1,500 while the Sony FE 70-200mm f/2.8 GM is a whopping $2,600.

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Having 2 or more cameras enables a higher resolution, prevents lens distortion, and offers a wider FOV. To achieve high imaging quality in multi-camera systems, a lens having an FOV of around 60-70 degrees is usually chosen. But it is important to note that this is determined by a multitude of factors. There is no ‘one-size fits all’ approach to this. It is recommended to take the help from an imaging expert like e-con Systems as you go about picking the right field of view and lens for your application. Please feel free to write to us at camerasolutions@e-consystems.com if you need a helping hand.

Standard field of viewcalculator

What helps e-con stand out when it comes to this solution is our proprietary 180-degree stitching algorithm that can process images from multiple cameras to create a 180 degree image. To learn more about this solution, please visit the product page.

Standard field of viewformula

Generally for a sensor, FOV refers to the diagonal measurement – which is called DFOV or Diagonal FOV. Horizontal FOV (HFOV) and Vertical FOV (VFOV) will vary based on the aspect ratio of the image sensor used.

Smart traffic systems utilize cameras with a wide FOV to seamlessly monitor and manage road traffic. Such cameras capture comprehensive views of large areas for performing real-time traffic flow analysis and incident detection. Covering wide road sections also means they can promptly identify traffic violations, accidents, and congestion. Additionally, the broader view empowers advanced features like vehicle counting, object classification and lane discipline monitoring. This provides crucial real-time data that helps optimize traffic flow and improve overall safety.

Broad perspectives generally equip Autonomous Mobile Robots to navigate complex environments and avoid obstacles. A wide FOV also ensures that robots can detect and analyze their surroundings in real time, boosting their ability to move safely and operate in dynamic environments, such as warehouses, manufacturing floors, and public spaces. A large vertical FOV ensures that obstacles at any height are detected, allowing robots to navigate under hanging obstacles such as shelves or overhead conveyor. For warehouse AMRs, two cameras placed on opposing corners, each providing a 270° FOV, can offer complete situational awareness. This setup enables the AMR to navigate freely in all directions—left, right, forward, and backward—while also turning efficiently without worrying about blind spots or objects coming from behind.

As a concrete point of comparison, let’s look at the Sony Vario-Tessar T* FE 16-35mm f/4 ZA OSS (a lens with a completely ridiculous name) versus the Sony FE 16-35 f/2.8 GM. These lenses are both very well-reviewed and are equivalent in nearly all performance aspects, but the f/4 sells right now on B&H for $1,350 while the f/2.8 goes for $2,200.

So that’s my take; I really don’t think most people actually need apertures wider than f/4, and I would encourage anyone on the fence about it to just save the cash and spend it on something else that you know you’ll use.

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From the previous section, we understood the definition of FOV and its relation with several other lens parameters. Let us now discuss how to choose the right FOV for an embedded vision application.

That Fstoppers article appeared in one of my headline feeds and, as someone who has struggled with this question himself, and who carries with him most of the time an f/4 lens, I wanted to be convinced one way or the other.

For example, imagine that the camera and the object are fixed at a working distance of 30cm. In this case, the HFOV and VFOV are measured manually using a scale (in mm) as shown below:

Automated sports broadcasting systems use cameras with a wide FOV to cover entire fields or courts. Hence, all the movements within the sporting area are captured, which means viewers can experience the game in an immersive way. A wide FOV is also important for capturing aspects such as player movements and strategic plays, which enhances the overall broadcasting quality. Furthermore, wider FOV cameras streamline production by potentially replacing multiple conventional cameras, reducing setup complexity and personnel needs.

Please write to us at camerasolutions@e-consystems.com if you need expert help integrating cameras with different FOVs into your applications.

There are a couple of reasons you may want to pick up the f/2.8 version of a lens, and it’s up to you to determine whether it’s worth the extra cost:

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Remote patient monitoring systems rely on cameras with an optimal FOV to provide accurate and complete observations of patients. These cameras ensure that all relevant movements and conditions are captured so that healthcare providers can monitor the health of patients. It leads to timely medical interventions and improved remote patient safety.

For me, that extra few stops of light wasn’t worth $1,100. Plus, the f/2.8 is much heavier, which is true of all f/2.8 lenses thanks to the number of lens elements required to make that wide-open aperture sharp and consistent. Believe me, the f/4 is heavy enough after you’ve been carrying it around all day.

If you are deeply into portraiture or astrophotography, you need that huge light opening or the soft bokeh. Again, I think you probably know that already and wouldn’t be reading this if you were sure, but I mention it for maximum clarity.

Now let us discuss FOV calculation. In many applications, the required distance from an object and the desired field of view (which determine the size of the object seen in the frame) are known quantities. This information can be used to directly determine the required angular field of view (AFOV) as shown below.

Meanwhile, you could check out the article What are the crucial factors to consider while integrating multi-camera solutions? if you are interested in learning more about multi-camera integration.

Standard field of viewcamera

However, it is extremely important to understand that many factors determine this. There is no ‘one-size fits all’ approach to this. It is recommended that you seek help from an imaging expert like e-con Systems as you pick the right field of view and lens for your application.

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Focal length is the defining property of a lens. Simply put, it is the distance between the lens and the plane of the sensor, and is determined when the lens focuses the object at infinity. It is represented in mm. Focal length depends on the curvature of the lens and its material. The shorter the focal length, the wider the AFOV and vice versa. Please have a look at the below image to understand this better:

It remains the same focal length. The focal length is a physical property of the lens. But a 70mm lens on an APS-C would look like a 105mm lens ...

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And one of the most popular among those solutions is e-CAM130A_CUXVR_3H02R1 180° FOV camera – a synchronized multi-camera solution that can be directly interfaced with the NVIDIA® Jetson AGX Xavier™ development kit. This camera solution comprises of three 13 MP camera modules that are based on the 1/3.2″ AR1335 CMOS image sensor from onsemi®. These 4K camera modules are positioned inwards to create a 180° FOV as shown in the image below:

FOV is one of the most critical parameters considered while integrating a camera into an embedded vision system. Whether it’s an intelligent transportation system, autonomous mobile robot, remote patient monitoring system, or automated sports broadcasting device, FOV plays a major role in ensuring the necessary details of the scene are captured. The FOV of the lens can be set as wide or narrow based on the end application requirements.

Also, let us consider a popular embedded vision application like autonomous mobile robots (AMR). These autonomous systems perform obstacle detection and obstacle avoidance (ODOA) to seamlessly navigate their environment. And many of these robots require FOVs in excess of 180 degrees. This ultra-wide FOV is achieved by using multi-camera systems.

For some lenses, the f/2.8 version is weather-sealed and the others are not. This does tend to be the case with ones like the Sony where the f/2.8 is their “G Master” version (equivalent to Canon “L” or Nikon “Nikkor”). Again, do your research. I’ve taken non-weather-sealed cameras and lenses under the base of waterfalls and been fine, but it depends on the kind of work you do.

In this article, let’s explore the importance of FOV in embedded vision, the factors that determine FOV, as well as which applications rely on this the most.

Conversely, if you know the FOV and the working distance, then you can calculate the dimension of the object using the below formula.

Field of viewdefinition microscope

My catalog contains a total of 53,794 photos. Of those, 41,090 were shot at f/4 or higher (that’s 76%)! The number of photos I’ve shot at f/2.8 exactly is only 4,811.

Each embedded vision application has different sensor size requirements to get the best output. A small sensor will have a narrow field of view while a large sensor can provide a wide field of view.

Here’s the thing, guys, if you need a lens with an f/2.8 or larger aperture, you already know it, so why are you reading this article? Perhaps you suspect that I’ll talk you out of it somehow, teach you something you don’t know about the fundamental physics of light and save you a few bucks.

But, if you shoot a variety of subjects, and mostly during the day, and you have a camera made in the last five or even ten years, you probably can get by with f/4. Again, if you’re someone who is absolutely obsessed with that luxuriously smooth bokeh, then you know this already and you should stop reading.

Instead, what I got was one of these milquetoast clickbait articles whose headline poses a legitimate question that a reasonably sized audience would be interested to learn the answer to, but whose body contains literally no answer at all and instead rehashes facts that nearly any literate person probably already knows and defers to the reader’s personal judgment.

In my opinion, the majority of people don’t actually need an f/2.8 (or faster) lens. The chances are pretty good that even if you have one, you shoot wide open with it pretty infrequently. If your particular business or artistic interest lives in that zone of luscious bokeh or low-light performance, you already know that and nothing I say should change your mind here.

e-con Systems has led from the front when it comes to innovation in embedded vision. And one of our key strengths is the platform side expertise especially on the NVIDIA Jetson series. Leveraging this, e-con has designed many multi-camera solutions that offer an FOV of up to 360 degrees.

Field of viewcalculator

I have owned a good number of f/2.8 (and wider) lenses in my life, so I wanted to put this to a statistical test. Fortunately, I have also used Lightroom since it was in beta, and I have one giant catalog, so this is an answer that I can get.

Similarly, for the calculation of VFOV and DFOV, instead of width (or horizontal F0V), corresponding height and diagonal dimensions of the object are substituted in the above formula respectively.

Well, sorry to let you down, but I won’t be breaking any laws of physics today. But if you’re here because you’re actually not sure if you should spring for that fancy and expensive f/2.8 lens, I think I can talk you out of it, unlike Nando Harmsen of Fstoppers, who decidedly expressed almost no opinion at all.

Most embedded camera applications require the FOV to be wider enough to cover a large viewing area. For instance, a fish-eye lens is characterized by a wider FOV and larger depth of field (DOF) and is hence suitable for surveillance applications. On the other hand, for a zoom/telescopic application, you might require a normal/narrow FOV.

For some lenses, the f/2.8 version is sharper or has better color or autofocus overall. That is not the case with the Sony models I listed, but may be true for others, so do your research. Whether those differences matter to you depend a lot on the style of photography you’re into.

Most of the embedded camera applications require the FOV to be wider enough to cover a large viewing area. For instance, a fish-eye lens is characterized by wider FOV and larger depth of field (DOF) and hence is suitable for surveillance applications. On the other hand, for a zoom/telescopic application, you might require a normal/narrow FOV.

You also have an option to capture the same field of view with sensors of different size. This can be done using a lens with the appropriate focal length. As a result, the same FOV can be achieved using a small sensor with a short focal length lens and a large sensor with a long focal length lens.

e-con Systems has 20+ years of experience designing, developing, and manufacturing OEM cameras. That’s why we understand the nuances involved in selecting lenses with the right FOV for your application. We can expertly guide you through the entire process of selecting the lens rather than merely acting as a camera supplier.

Having two or more cameras enables a higher resolution, prevents lens distortion, and offers a wider FOV. To achieve high imaging quality in multi-camera systems, a lens having an FOV of around 60-70 degrees is usually chosen.

The point that I’m trying to get across here is that if you are unsure whether you should spring for that f/2.8 lens, which in many cases may cost twice as much as the f/4 version of the same lens, because you are concerned that without that range of aperture wider than f/4 there will be shots you will miss, I think you should save the money.

Prabu is the Chief Technology Officer and Head of Camera Products at e-con Systems, and comes with a rich experience of more than 15 years in the embedded vision space. He brings to the table a deep knowledge in USB cameras, embedded vision cameras, vision algorithms and FPGAs. He has built 50+ camera solutions spanning various domains such as medical, industrial, agriculture, retail, biometrics, and more. He also comes with expertise in device driver development and BSP development. Currently, Prabu’s focus is to build smart camera solutions that power new age AI based applications.

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Industrial automation systems for functions like quality inspection rely on cameras with accurate FOV settings to scrutinize products on assembly lines. They capture imaging data required for thorough product inspection by detecting defects instantly. Moreover, manufacturers can optimize their inspection processes, reduce errors, and maintain consistent product standards.

Many modern-day embedded vision systems utilize multiple types of lenses and sensors with different feature sets and varying costs. The design of the camera systems integrated with these components plays a huge role in achieving the required image quality.

FOV also depends on the distance between the camera and the object. As discussed earlier, if the objects are closer to the camera, the FOV becomes wider. This is because shorter focal lengths require shorter working distances for proper focusing. Thus, the lens to sensor distance has to be designed based on the working distance.

Field of view (FOV) is the maximum area of a scene that a camera can focus on/capture. It is represented in degrees. There are three ways to measure the field of view of a camera – horizontally, vertically, or diagonally as shown below.