Problem: The PZMIII or PZMIV stereo zoom microscope normally comes with a 1.0X objective and a 10X pair of eyepieces. The magnification is 6X to 50X, however the concept of magnification is difficult to visualize. Let's discuss what can be seen at the two zoom extremes. Imagine the visual circle to be a range of 34–4.2 mm. This microscope has a working distance of 100mm. Researchers working with small animals will have difficulty working in this tight space.

Waves can be used many different ways. Radio stations transmit their signal via sound waves. Microwaves cook our food through the power of (unsurprisingly) microwaves. X-rays are harnessed by special machines that allow us to view inside our bodies. Waves are everywhere!

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As light waves travel through the rain falling in the sky toward your eye, they can’t travel in a straight path. Imagine the light waves travelling through the rain like a pinball, bouncing around back and forth before they finally make their way back to your eye. What is the result of this? You end up seeing all seven colors of the visible spectrum in the natural wonder we call a rainbow. All of this is brought to you thanks to the work of interference and diffraction.

The magnification of the image depends on the combination of the eyepiece and the objective used. This combination also affects the field of view. This example shows how these factors inter-relate.

Fluorite or semi-apochromat objectives–These lenses are chromatically corrected for red and blue, and the green focus is also close. They are spherically corrected for blue and green. This objective is better suited for color viewing or recording than achromatic objectives.

Solution: Instead of the standard configuration, setup the microscope with a 0.5X objective to increase the working distance to 187 mm. The result of using this lower power objective is that the magnification range decreases by one half and at the same time the field of view double. To restore the microscope system to the original condition (magnification and field of view), replace the 10X eyepieces with 20X eyepieces. The use of these two options restores the visual field of view and magnification range back to the original condition with the added benefit of a larger working distance.

If you look at a piece of glass on your home, car, or even your smartphone, you can often see the array of colors that flash as your point of view changes. This is wave diffraction at work. Sometimes merchandise sold at stores have holographic stickers attached to them. These stickers are hard to duplicate, so they are a way to show that the item you are buying is authentic. As you turn the tag back and forth, you’ll see the variety of colors that pop and flash.

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When light waves travel to our eyes on a straight and unimpeded path, we discern colors in a fairly straightforward fashion. However, it’s when light waves take a detour on the way to our eye that they react in unique and colorful ways. When waves are diverted by particles in the air or other light waves, their path and even their wavelength can change. This effect is called interference or diffraction.

Even something as simple and beautiful as a suncatcher shows the practical use of interference and diffraction. As light waves travel through the opaque colored panels of the suncatcher, the light waves change and allow us to see a variety of colors. Stained glass windows work on the same principle as well. As light waves from the exterior of the building travel through the pieces of colored glass, the result on the interior of the building is a breathtaking display of colors and light.

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How about a more man-made phenomenon? As you spin a CD back and forth between your fingers, the back of the disc flashes a brilliant array of colors. Why does the CD react like this? It’s simple: the principles of interference and diffraction are at work, causing you to see these gleams of color.

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Have you ever wondered how these kaleidoscopes of colors are produced? They are all around us. Not only do you see them in rainbows and CD’s but you can also observe them in bubbles, glass, and holographic stickers (just to name a few). So what exactly is this phenomenon?

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As you go about your day, can you find other examples in nature of interference and diffraction? When you look at your home, do you see ways that this phenomenon produces an array of colors? Once you begin to look, you’ll see it all around you.

Right in the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum are light waves. These waves travel from a source and help us discern both light and color. So where does interference and diffraction come into this picture?

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MicroscopeObjectives magnification

TIP: On the trinocular version of the PZMIII or PZMIV stereo microscope with the standard configuration (1.0X objective, 10X eyepieces) and with the optimal camera adaptor (0.5X on a ½” CCD camera) the video capture field of view is up to 40% less than the visual field. By using a 0.5X objective with 20X eyepieces the video capture area doubles, and the resulting video capture more closely matches the visual field of view.

Plan objective–These objectives produces a flat image across the field of view. The three objectives discussed above all produce a curved image. A plan-achromat, plan-fluorite or plan-apochromat are corrected.

A variety of microscope objectives are available. All objectives use lenses to focus light. Light is broken down into various wavelengths (colors) as it travels through a lens. The various wavelengths have different focal points. That means that red, green and blue appears to focus at different points. This is called chromatic aberration. Spherical aberrations are focal mismatches caused by the shape of the lens. Quality lenses are designed correct for chromatic and spherical aberration to bring the primary colors to a common focal point. These terms may help you determine the best objective for your application:

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Infinity Correction–When measuring from the back end of the objective to the primary focal plane, many microscopes are limited to a specific distance (160mm). More expensive microscope use a different series of lenses, prisms and mirrors to allow for an "infinite" distance between those two points. This is called infinity correction.

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As you stand on your front lawn and see the clouds move away, the rain slows down and eventually comes to a stop. However, as you look to the horizon, you can likely see that, although it’s no longer raining where you are standing, there is still precipitation coming from the clouds. If these water droplets are in between your position and the sun, they represent an opportunity to see wave diffraction at work.

Apochromatic objective–This is the most expensive objective. It is chromatically adjusted for four colors (deep blue, blue, green and red) and spherically corrected for deep blue, blue and sometimes green. This is the best choice for color viewing. These have a higher numerical aperture (N.A.) than achromats or fluorites.

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Achromatic objectives–This objective brings red and blue light to a common focus, and is corrected for spherical aberrations for green. It is excellent for black and white viewing. If an objective is not labeled, it is achromatic.

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NOTE: If a 1/3” inch camera (6mm diagonal) is used on the 0.5X microscope adaptor you can apply the ratio of 6/8 for the reduction in the captured field.

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So, is there a difference between interference and diffraction? The scientific answer is this: not really. They are designations that don’t have a firm difference between the two. However, when most scientists talk about a small amount of sources diverting light waves, it’s usually called wave interference. When there are many different sources, it’s usually called wave diffraction. In the end, though, the two names describe the same concept.

Before we consider interference and diffraction, we have to take a moment to consider what light is and how it travels. Waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and they carry information from one place to another. Waves can carry different types of information, like light and sound. Some of these waves we are able to discern, but others are beyond our abilities to process.

Answer and Explanation: 1. The lens in the eyepiece of a microscope is called an ocular lens; it magnifies the image. The amount of magnification depends, but ...

As you look at the horizon after a rainstorm, you see it in looming in the distance. It’s a rainbow. Of course, there’s no pot of gold at its end, but there is a wealth of knowledge that the rainbow can teach us about wave diffraction.

Of course, we don’t have the opportunity to see rainbows of a regular basis. Conditions in the atmosphere have to be perfect for us to witness one. But that doesn’t mean interference and diffraction are rare. In fact, we witness it so often that we probably don’t even realize it.

The first image shows the eyepiece view when using a 1.0X objective with a 10X eyepiece. It has a 34mm field of view. The second image shows the video field of view of about 16–4.7mm (COLCAM-NTSC camera with a 0.5X coupler). The third image shows the video view that approximates the eyepiece view. It uses a 0.5X objective with a 20X eyepiece.

Let’s imagine for a moment that we’re looking at the evening sky after a pouring rain. As the sky starts to clear, a beautiful rainbow appears in the distance. How does interference and diffraction play into this beautiful natural phenomenon?

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However, if you always want to have access to the rainbow spectrum no matter where you are, or if you would simply like to give someone else the colors of the rainbow, then consider picking up a pair of our diffraction glasses, rave glasses, or our diffraction grating slides to bring the color spectrum to life!