Polarization of Light - Definition, Types, Examples & ... - what is the polarization of light

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Fresnel rhombs provide uniform λ/4 or λ/2 retardance over a wider range of wavelengths than possible with birefringent waveplates. Please visit our website for more information.

Available diameters are between 0.3 mm to 100 mm, with diameter tolerance (sphericity) <0.4 µm and surface roughness (Ra) <0.007 µm. Custom ball and half ball module options are also available on request.

Shalom EO offers laser line dielectric mirrors made from UVFS substrates, with broadband or single wavelength coating, and high flatness and high surface quality. Shalom EO also provides the narrowband laser line filters with 8-10 nm bandwidth, and femtosecond laser line optical components. Both off-the shelf and custom products are available.

IntroductionDiffraction gratings are widely used in spectroscopic instruments, for creating monochromatic light from a white light source. This is achieved by utilizing the grating’s ability of spreading light of different wavelengths into different angles. The relation between the incidence and diffraction angles, and the wavelength is given by the well known grating equation. Many of the most important spectroscopic properties, such as dispersion, resolution and free spectral range can be derived from the grating equation, from fairly straight forward algebraic manipulations.

Grating spacingcalculator

Shalom EO offers optical prisms of multiple types which are ideal for applications of ray deviation and adjusting orientation of an image, including: right angle prisms, corner cube retroreflectors, wedge prisms, Brewster angle prisms and equilateral prisms, in addition to penta prisms, Dove prisms, roof prisms and Porro prisms. There is a large choice of materials: BK7, N-BK7, UV-grade fused silica, N-SF11, CaF2, Ge and ZnSe.

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Shalom EO offers ultrafast optical components used in femtosecond lasers, with both off-the-shelf and optics with custom dimensions available. Our product portfolio includes low GDD mirrors with central wavelength of 800 nm and 1030 nm, BBO crystals with minimum thickness of 0.01 mm, LBO crystals, ultrafast-enhanced silver mirrors with high reflectivity at 600–1000 nm and thin BK7 and UV-grade fused silica windows with high flatness, dispersive prisms made of BK7, UVFS and SF11 and group delay compensators made from calcite. Please check our website for more specification data.

Shalom EO also offers other crystals materials: nonlinear crystals, laser crystals and electric-optical and acousto-optic crystals.

and also diffusion-bonded crystals. Nd:YAG crystals and Nd:YVO4 crystals are ideal for 1064-nm lasers, while Nd:Ce:YAG, CTH:YAG and Er:YAG crystals are excellent for medical and cosmetic laser applications, and Ti:sapphire crystals are suitable for ultrafast laser systems. Diffusion-bonded crystals are handy for OEM compact laser system.

Shalom EO offers MgO:PPLN waveguide chips for SHG of 976 nm, 1029 nm, 1064 nm, 1545 nm, 1550 nm, 1560 nm and 2100 nm. Products for SFG, DFG and OPO applications are also available.

A theoretical treatment of the instrumental resolution shows that the properties of the grating sets the ultimate limit for the resolution. The gratings described by its “resolving power” which is a dimensionless number, R. The simplest definition is:

For non-cubic polarizers, used birefringent crystal materials include alpha-BBO, YVO4, quartz and MgF2. Modules including custom shapes and rectangular or round mount options are available. Please visit our website for more information.

Shalom EO offers corner cube retro-reflector prisms with three perpendicular reflecting surfaces, which reflect the incident beams back 180° toward its source with total internal reflections (TIR) or special reflections as an alternative option. We provide corner cube prisms made from BK7 materials to satisfy your requirements in the fields of surveying and alignment. Coatings are also available, and please visit our product page for more specifications.

Blazed gratingsBlazed gratings are optimised for a specific wavelength by varying the blaze angle of the grating. The efficiency is high for the specified wavelength, approximately 70 % absolute efficiency, but on the other hand the efficiency is lower for other wavelengths.

Shalom EO offers a variety of metal-coated mirrors: BK7 metal-coated mirrors and UVFS metallic coated mirrors, with coating options like enhanced Al coating, protective Ag coating or protective Au coating and flatness options of λ/10 or λ/4. Both off-the-shelf and custom metal mirrors are offered.

The grating equation is a good starting point when describing the properties of gratings. The grating equation can be written:

Infrared optical windows made from BaF2, CaF2, germanium, silicon, zinc selenide (ZnSe) and sapphire are also accessible. Both off-the-shelf and customized products are available.

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For most applications only one diffraction order is used, and one would like all the diffracted light to go into that order giving an absolute efficiency of 100% for all wavelengths. However, the grating efficiency is generally a rather complex function of wavelength and polarisation of the incident light, and depends on the groove frequency, the shape of the grooves and the grating material. Especially for TM polarisation, when the electric vector is perpendicular to the grating grooves, one may observe rapid changes in efficiency for a small change in wavelength. This phenomenon was first discovered by R.W. Wood in 1902, and the rapid variations are usually called Wood’s anomalies.

In Shalom EO, governed by a ISO9001 certified QC system, all the products undergo meticulous inspections in our metrology lab equipped by advanced instruments, ensuring the required standards are met. With unceasing efforts to maximize customer’s interest and the pursuit to innovative technologies, Shalom EO aims to be your steadfast partner.

Our DKDP Pockels cells feature high damage thresholds and can be operated in a wide spectral range from 0.3 to 1.1 μm. They are often used in medical, cosmetic and industrial lasers. Aperture sizes up to 50 mm are available.

Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides are a type of high efficiency nonlinear optical crystals, which cover a extremely wide wavelength conversion spectral range of 0.4 μm to 5.0 μm. The 5% MgO doping in LiNbO3 increases the optical resistance of the crystals and significantly improves its damage threshold. Visit our website for more information.

Grating spacinggraph

Shalom EO offers the stocked and custom high power narrow band laser line and broad band Polarizing Cube Beamsplitters (PBS), with typical wavelengths of 355 nm, 405 nm, 532 nm, 633 nm, 780-808 nm and 1064 nm, damage threshold of 10 J/cm2 at 1064 nm, 10 ns, 10Hz pulses. The extinction ratio is 1000:1. The interface of these beamsplitter cubes is based on an epoxy-free optical contact bonding, which minimizes absorption and scattering loss. It is thermally stable with high transmission and minimal beam displacement. Besides the high power PBS, Shalom EO also offers the general power low cost PBS and non-polarizing beamsplitters.

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Diffraction ordersBy considering the case when m=0, the equation reduces to α=β0 or the law of reflection. There will always be this solution and therefore a reflected beam, which usually is not wanted. The reflected beam is the major cause of light losses in a grating. The diffracted order with m = -1 is the order normally used in monochromators, spectrographs, and spectrometers.

Shalom EO offers rod lenses made from BK7, UV-grade fused silica or other types of optical glass, with minimum diameter of 0.6 mm, roundness error down to 0.005 mm and diameter tolerance down to 0.01 mm. Customized rod lenses are available upon requests.

Grating spacingformula

Our LiNbO3 and MgO:LiNbO3 Pockels cells are excellent choices for ultraviolet (UV) lasers to infrared lasers with long operating wavelengths up to 4 μm. LiNbO3 Pockels cells are specially preferable for Er:YAG, Ho:YAG and Tm:YAG lasers.

The wavelength dispersion at the exit slit of a spectroscopic instrument is usually specified as reciprocal linear dispersion, given in nm/mm. If the focal length of the instrument is f, then the reciprocal linear dispersion is given by:

Shalom EO offers a series of passive Q-switch crystals including Cr4+:YAG crystals, Co2+:MgAl2O4 (Co2+:spinel) crystals and V3+:YAG crystals. Cr4+:YAG crystals work well in Nd:YAG lasers, while Co:MgAl2O4 (or Co:spinel) crystals are suitable for erbium lasers and V3+:YAG crystals are a good choice for 1.3-μm lasers.

Shalom EO utilizes diverse coating technologies e.g. (dielectric coatings, enhanced Al coatings, protective silver and gold coatings, and low Group Delay Dispersion (GDD) coating technologies for ultrafast applications). Shalom EO especially provides high precision optical mirrors used in laser applications. Those mirrors feature high flatness, high damage threshold and good surface quality. Note that for all the products mentioned above, off-the-shelf and customized products are optional to our customers.

Our products are excellent for applications ranging from frequency conversion to short-pulse generation. They are used for harmonic generation (SHG, THG, 4HG, 5HG), sum and difference frequency generation (SFG, DFG), for optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) and optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs). Note that for all the products listed above, off-the-shelf and customized products are optional to our customers.

Diffractiongratingformula

Holographic diffraction gratings are known for their low level of stray light and the total absence of “ghosts” in the spectral image. This is due to the very precise spacing between grooves which is achieved in the interference pattern exposure. However there are sources of stray light also from holographically recorded gratings, and the stray light levels may vary considerably between gratings due to differences in the manufacturing processes used.

The electronic components include voltage dividers, preamplifier and high voltage modules. Connectors are available as well upon demands. Our experts and engineers will always patiently take your needs with primary care and offer optimal schemes in the design procedure of electronics. All electronic modules are 12 months guaranteed.

Our cylindrical lenses are used in laser line generation, anamorphic beam shaping and one-dimensional compression of images in laser scanners, spectroscopy, dye lasers, acousto-optics, optical processors and other similar applications.

Shalom EO offers optical domes from a variety of substrate materials: sapphire, BK7, hot-pressed MgF2, hot-pressed ZnS, ZnSe and germanium for operations both in the UV and IR spectra ranges.

Composite laser crystals are crystals fabricated by two, three or more parts made from different crystal materials by a diffusion bonding process or optical glue. They are usually applied to decrease thermal lensing effects and improve beam quality and make compact laser modules. Shalom EO offers composite diffusion bonding crystals from a variety of laser crystal materials, including YAG, Nd:YAG, Cr:YAG, Nd:Ce:YAG, YVO4, Nd:YVO4, with diameter or size ranges from 2-18 mm and length ranges from 2-200 mm. KTP crystals are also available. Coating options could be customized.

High dispersion can be achieved either by choosing a grating with a high groove frequency, or by using a coarse grating in high diffraction order.

Hangzhou Shalom Electro-optics Technology Co., Ltd. (Shalom EO) is a worldwide presence in the manufacturing and provision of a diverse range of electro-optical products, serving industrial, scientific, defense, and medical applications. Offering stock and custom solutions such as optical components, laser crystals, thermal imaging lenses, and more, Shalom EO has thousands of stocks prepared for dispatch and can customize products upon request.

The Grating EquationA beam of light which falls on a grating will be diffracted into one or several beams. The directions of these beams depend on the wavelength and direction of the incident beam, and on the groove frequency of the grating.

Shalom EO offers corner cube retro-reflector prisms having three perpendicular reflecting surfaces which reflect the incident beams back 180° toward its source with total internal reflections (TIR) or special reflections as optional choice. We provide corner cube prisms made from BK7 materials to satisfy your requirements in the fields of surveying and alignment. Coatings are also available; please visit our product page for more specifications.

The MgO:PPLN laser modules use MgO:PPLN for frequency doubling, with output wavelengths of 473 nm, 532 nm, 545 nm, 561 nm and 671 nm. Models with different output powers, power stability and output divergence angle are available.

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Shalom EO offers MgO:PPLN laser modules which use MgO:PPLN for frequency doubling. Output wavelengths of 473 nm, 532 nm, 545 nm, 561 nm and 671 nm are offered, with various output power levels, power stability and output divergence angles.

Shalom EO offers a vast variety of nonlinear crystals for frequency tripling, including BBO, KDP and KD*P, LBO crystals,in addition to PPLN waveguides. Both off-the-shelf and customized products are available.

The measured resolving power of a real grating is less than the theoretical value if the grating surface or the grating grooves are deviating from the ideal shape and position.

Hangzhou Shalom EO also offers polished and AR-coated DKDP, BBO and LiNbO3 and MgO:LiNbO3 crystals with Cr-Au electrodes used in EO and AO Pockels cells.

Shalom EO offers a vast variety of nonlinear crystals: BBO, KDP and KD*P, LBO, KTP, HGTR KTP, KTA, BIBO, LiIO3, LiNbO3, MgO:LiNbO3, RTP, ultra-thin BBO, LBO crystals and infrared nonlinear crystals ZnGeP2 (ZGP).

Shalom EO offers both reflective and absorbing type neutral density filters for use in a wide wavelength range. Our reflective type filter product series consist of UV ND filters (250-380 nm), VIS ND filters(400-700 nm), VIS-NIR ND filters (400-1100 nm), circular variable ND filters, rectangular continuously variable ND filters, and germanium substrate IR reflection ND filters. Substrate materials include UV fused silica, BK7 and germanium. As for filters of absorbing type, we offer colored glass absorbing filters.

Grating spacingpdf

Shalom EO offers high quality Ti:sapphire crystals grown with the Temperature Gradient Technique (TGT), with extremely low light scatter, and dislocation density less than 102 cm−2. The TGT grown sapphire crystal is characterized by the (0001) oriented growth, additionally featuring high doping level (a490 = 4.0 cm−1), large gain bandwidth, excellent thermal conductivity, high laser cross section and laser damage threshold. The tunable wavelengths that cover a broad range from 700 to 1000 nm render Ti:sapphire an excellent substitute for dye lasers in many applications such as ultrafast lasers. Please check our website for more specification data.

Our standard Anti-Reflective coating is a 4 layer coating, that is easy to clean and is scratch resistant.

Shalom EO offers a wide range of optical mirrors, including UVFS dielectric broadband mirrors, UVFS laser line mirrors, BK7/UVFS metallic mirrors, femtoline low-GDD mirrors, ultrafast-enhanced silver mirrors, mirrors with super-polished substrates, handy for applications in the UV, visible or IR spectral region. Shalom EO utilizes diverse coating technologies e.g. enhanced Al coating, protective silver or gold coatings, low Group Delay Dispersion (GDD) coatings for ultrafast applications. Shalom EO especially provides high precision optical mirrors used in laser applications; those mirrors feature high flatness, high damage threshold and good surface quality. Note that for all the products listed above, off-the-shelf and customized products are optional to our customers.

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Free Spectral RangeAs we can see from the grating equation, light of wavelength λ in the first order is diffracted in exactly the same direction as light of wavelength λ/2 in the second order, as well as λ/3 in the third order etc. When using gratings, it is therefore important to restrict the wavelength interval in some way, either by using a bandpass filter, or by making use of the limited wavelength range of the light source or the detector.

Anti-reflection coating options are single layer MgF2 coatings, broadband AR coatings and laser line V-type coatings. Reflective aluminium coatings are also available.

Shalom EO developed an unique and low-cost processing for a classical polishing line, and a strict inspection system utilizing an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) measuring system, Zygo interference flatness test instruments and critical coating testing in the process of manufacturing, resulting in a roughness <1 Å, together with high flatness, low scattering loss and low absorption and high surface quality. With such remarkable qualities, our products are suitable for applications ranging from DUV lasers, high power lasers to laser gyro systems. Custom optics with various dimensions and optional High Reflection (HR) coatings or Anti-Reflection (AR) coatings are also available.

ResolutionThe spectral resolution of an instrument is determined by the separation (Δλ) between two spectral peaks that can just barely be detected as separate with the instrument.

Stray LightStray light is another important aspect of gratings. When working at the detection limit of an optical instrument, the stray light level from the grating and other optics will set the ultimate limit of detection.

The size of the instrument depends on the focal length of the optical system. By choosing a holographic grating with a high groove frequency, the instrument could be made more compact.

Our 1535-nm laser modules containing Er:Yb:glass as the gain medium and Co:MgAl2O4 (Co:spinel) as a passive Q-switch, are used for applications like laser range finders, LIDAR and medical treatments.

Shalom EO offers a wide assortment of inorganic scintillation crystals including NaI(Tl), LYSO(Ce), CsI(Tl), CsI(Na), BGO, YAG(Ce), YAP(Ce), CaF2(Eu), BaF2, CdWO4, GAGG(Ce), LuAg(Ce), RGBS, YSO(Ce), LaBr3(Ce), LaCl3(Ce) and CeBr3 crystals. The crystals we supplied could be delivered in the forms of polished crystals with or without reflectors. Encapsulated NaI(Tl) crystals, pixelated arrays, scintillator screens and detector assemblies consisting of PMT and scintillators are also offered.

Shalom EO offers various kinds of laser crystals: Nd:YAG, Nd:Ce:YAG, Nd:YVO4, CTH:YAG, Er:YAG, Yb:YAG, Ti:sapphire crystals and diffusion-bonded crystals. To be more specific, Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO4 are suitable crystal types for 1064-nm lasers, while Nd:Ce:YAG, CTH:YAG and Er:YAG crystals are often used in medical and cosmetic lasers. Ti:sapphire crystals are applied in ultrafast laser systems, and diffusion-bonded crystals are useful for compact OEM laser systems.

Shalom EO offers the high quality polished substrates (optical windows without coating) for laser mirrors. Substrate materials of BK7 and UVFS in high flatness and surface quality are available, in both off-the shelf and custom versions.

Hangzhou Shalom EO provides ball lenses and half ball lenses made from various substrate materials including sapphire, ruby, BK7, UV fused silica, high index glass, and germanium, ZnSe, ZnS with AR coating. Our ball lenses and half ball lenses are ideal for applications such as fiber communications, endoscopy and microscopy.

Our sapphire domes are ideal for operations both in the ultraviolet (UV) and MWIR (3-5 μm) band, hot-pressed MgF2 domes are suitable for the MWIR band, hot-pressed ZnS domes have a wide high transmission range (0.4-12 μm), while ZnSe domes and germanium domes are good choices for the 3-μm to 12-μm wavelength range, i.e., in the MWIR and LWIR region.

Gratings with low groove frequency will generate many diffracted orders. For monochromatic light, e.g. from a laser, a grating may be used as a beamsplitter, for generating two or more beams. Two beams may also be combined at a grating surface.

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Diffractiongrating spacing

Shalom EO offers optical prisms of multiple types which are ideal for applications of ray deviation and adjusting orientation of an image, including: right angle prisms, corner cube retroreflectors, wedge prisms, Brewster angle prisms and equilateral prisms, in addition to penta prisms, Dove prisms and roof prisms and Porro prisms. A large list of materials can be used: BK7, N-BK7, UV-grade fused silica, N-SF11, CaF2, Ge, ZnSe.

Shalom EO offers a variety of scintillation and PMT detector assemblies with cutting-edge technologies. The scintillator materials include NaI(Tl), CsI(Tl), CsI(Na), LYSO(Ce), BGO, LaBr3(Ce), LaCl3(Ce) and plastic scintillators etc. The scintillation assemblies are encapsulated hermetically in aluminum or stainless steel housings with optical glass windows, and our PMT are manufactured by Beijing Hamamatsu, ET or other suppliers.

Hangzhou Shalom EO also offers polished and AR-coated DKDP, BBO and LiNbO3 and MgO:LiNbO3 crystals with Cr-Au electrodes used in EO or AO Pockels cells.

Our BBO Pockels cells have significant advantages in terms of laser power handling abilities, temperature stability, and substantial absence of the piezoelectric ringing effect. BBO Pockels cells are particularly suitable for high repetition rate lasers with frequency up to 1 MHz.

The free spectral range of a grating is the largest wavelength interval in a given order which does not overlap the same interval in an adjacent order. If λ1 is the shortest wavelength and λ2 is the longest wavelength in this wavelength interval, then the free spectral range may be expressed by:

Our BBO Pockels cells have significant advantages in terms of laser power handling abilities, temperature stability, and substantial freedom from piezoelectric ringing. BBO Pockels cells are specially suitable for high repetition rate lasers up to 1 MHz.

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EfficiencyThe absolute efficiency is defined as the amount of the incident flux that is diffracted into a given diffraction order. The relative efficiency is related to the reflectance of a mirror, coated with the same material as the grating, and it should be noted that the relative efficiency is always higher than the absolute efficiency.

With headquarters in Hangzhou and a streamlined, flexible production branch in Fujian,Shalom EO is capable of coping with bulk orders with in-time deliveries as well as low-scale orders. The experienced engineering team and efficient sales professionals strike a perfect balance between price and quality, whether delivering stock products or crafting custom modules.

Shalom EO offers a full portfolio of polarizers and waveplates: Glan Laser polarizers or prisms, Glan Taylor polarizers or prisms, Glan Thompson polarizers or prisms, Wollaston polarizers, Rochon polarizers, high power laser line PBS, polarizing cube beamsplitters, non-polarizing beamsplitter cubes, polarizing plane rotators and achromatic depolarizers are also provided.

Shalom EO offers a wide range of infrared optics – not only singlet IR optical lenses, IR optical windows and IR domes, but also lens modules designed for MWIR (3-5 μm) and LWIR (8-12 μm) thermal imaging cameras. A variety of specific infrared optical materials are available: germanium, zinc selenide (ZnSe), zinc sulfide (ZnS), chalcogenide glass, silicon, sapphire and fluoride (CaF2, BaF2, MgF2 and LiF). Our fabrication techniques include conventional polishing and diamond turning. Moreover, multiple types of modules with flat, spherical and aspherical optical surfaces are optional for different requirements. Referring to the thermal imaging lenses, Hangzhou Shalom EO offers standard lenses and hundreds of custom free-designed lens modules (e.g. athermalized lenses, fisheye lenses, single FOV, dual FOV, zoom lenses).

Shalom EO offers a variety of waveplates and retarders including true zero-order waveplates, zero-order waveplates, dual wavelength zero-order waveplates, low-order and achromatic waveplates and Fresnel rhombs. These waveplates are made from quartz or MgF2 crystals and are of excellent qualities with high damage threshold. Their structures can be varied for different requirements, e.g. to obtain epoxy cemented, air space or optically contacted designs. The retardation can be λ/4 or λ/2; both off-the-shelf and customized and mounted/coated modules are available.

Evidently the free spectral range is reduced when the grating is used in higher orders. In -1 order, the free spectral range is λ2/2, i.e. the grating can be used from λ1 to 2 x λ1 without overlapping from the 2 order diffraction.

Shalom EO offers wedge prisms with high precision which are ideal for laser beam steering. Our prisms are made of BK7, ultra-violet (UV) grade fused silica, CaF2 or ZnSe. Coating options include no coating, single wavelength AR coating, or broadband anti-reflection BBAR coatings on both surfaces. Other custom options are also available.

Shalom EO offers MgO:PPLN waveguide chips for SHG of 976 nm, 1029 nm, 1064 nm, 1545 nm, 1550 nm, 1560 nm and 2100 nm. Products for SFG, DFG and OPO applications are also available. Both off-the-shelf and custom waveguides are provided.

Shalom EO offers laser crystals, nonlinear crystals, and birefringent crystals for laser applications. Shalom EO also provides sapphire crystals for optical components.

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Shalom EO offer two types of OEM laser modules: eye-safe 1535-nm laser modules and lasers using MgO:PPLN crystals for second harmonic generation (SHG). Both are compact in size and allow easy integration.

Shalom EO offers a vast variety of nonlinear crystals for frequency doubling including BBO, KDP and KD*P, PPLN waveguides, LBO, KTP, HGTR KTP, BIBO, LiNbO3 and MgO:LiNbO3 crystals, in addition to the infrared nonlinear crystals ZnGeP2 (ZGP), LiIO3 and KTA.

Shalom EO offers dielectric broadband mirrors and laser line mirrors made from Corning UV-grade fused silica or BK7 with band options of HR 400-750 nm, HR 750-1100 nm, HR 1280-1600 nm or other customized options. We achieve a high flatness of λ/10, high surface quality of 10/5 S/D and a wide angle of incidence (AOI): 0-45°. Not only stock mirrors of various sizes and modules are available for fast delivery, but also custom dielectric mirrors tailored to your requirements.

As an example, a 110 mm wide grating with 1800 grooves/mm, used in first order diffraction, has a theoretical resolving power of 198 000 which implies a wavelength resolution of 0.003 nm at 500 nm wavelength.

and also diffusion-bonded crystals. Nd:YAG crystals and Nd:YVO4 crystals are ideal for 1064-nm lasers, while Nd:Ce:YAG, CTH:YAG and Er:YAG crystals are excellent for medical and cosmetic laser applications. Ti:sapphire crystals are ideal for ultrafast laser systems, and diffusion-bonded crystals are suitable for OEM compact laser systems.

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DispersionThe angular dispersion is the amount of change of diffraction angle per unit change of the wavelength. It is a measure of the angular separation between beams of adjacent wavelengths. An expression for the angular dispersion can be derived from the grating equation by differentiating, keeping the angle fixed.

ball lenses, beam splitters, birefringence, refraction, birefringent phase matching, composite laser crystals, corner cube prisms, cylindrical lenses, dielectric mirrors, frequency doubling, intracavity frequency doubling, frequency quadrupling, frequency tripling, infrared optics, infrared light, laser crystals, doped insulator lasers, laser gain media, laser line optics, laser mirrors, laser optics, metal-coated mirrors, mirror substrates, mirrors, quarter-wave mirrors, neodymium-doped laser gain media, neutral density filters, nonlinear crystal materials, periodic poling, nonlinear frequency conversion, optical rectification, OEM laser modules, optical crystals, optical domes, optical filters, optical windows, quasi-phase matching, Pockels cells, polarizers, prisms, prism pairs, Q switches, rare-earth-doped laser gain media, retroreflectors, rod lenses, saturable absorbers, ultrafast optics, waveguide lasers, waveguides, nanofibers, waveplates, wedge prisms

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Metal-coated mirrors have many key features, including wide spectral range, low cost, non-sensitivity to the incidence angle and polarization state, relatively low scattering and low laser damage threshold.

Shalom EO offers a variety of birefringence materials, including: MgF2 crystals, LiNbO3 and alpha-BBO crystals, quartz crystals, calcite crystals and YVO4 crystals. They are used to make waveplates, Glan and Thompson polarizers and other optical components. The blanks and polished and coated optical components are offered according to your request.

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Anti-reflection(AR) coating options are single layer MgF2 coating, broadband AR coating and laser line wavelength V-type coating. Reflective aluminium coating is also provided.

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Further, our infrared windows can be used at 0.75 μm to 20 μm and our infrared lenses are suitable in a wide spectral range from 700 nm to 20000 nm. Infrared domes are suitable for 3 μm to 12 μm. AR coating options include broadband anti-reflection coatings (BBAR), long-pass anti-reflection coatings and hard diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating for application in harsh environments.

where m is the diffraction order and N is the total number of grooves on the entire grating surface. Note, however, that the grating equation places restrictions on the possible combinations of m and N.

Transmissiongrating

Hangzhou Shalom EO offers nonlinear crystals for frequency quadrupling applications, which includes: BBO crystals, KDP and KD*P crystals, in addition to PPLN waveguides. Both off-the-shelf and customized products are available.

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Sinusoidal gratingsHolographically manufactured diffraction gratings of standard type have a sinusoidal groove profile. The efficiency curve is rather smooth and flatter than for ruled gratings. The efficiency is optimised for specific spectral regions by varying the groove depth, and it may still be high, especially for gratings with high frequency. When the groove spacing is less than about 1.25 times the wavelength, only the -1 and 0 orders exist, and if the grating has an appropriate groove depth, most of the diffracted light goes into the -1 order. In this region, holographically recorded gratings give well over 50 % absolute efficiency.

Shalom EO offers superpolished optical components with ultra-low surface roughness made from substrate materials including UV fused silica, BK7, sapphire, ZnSe, ZnS, germanium, silicon, CaF2, MgF2, YAG and others,in the forms of lenses, windows, mirrors and substrates.

Our DKDP Pockels cells have a high damage threshold and can be used in a wide spectral range from 0.3 to 1.1 μm; it is often used in medical, cosmetic and industrial lasers. Apertures up to 50 mm are available.

Hangzhou Shalom EO also offers polished and AR-coated DKDP, BBO and LiNbO3 and MgO:LiNbO3 crystals with Cr-Au electrodes used in EO and AO Pockels cells.

Shalom EO offers plano-convex cylindrical lenses and plano-concave cylindrical lenses from various materials such as fused silica, BK7, optical glass, BaF2, CaF2, MgF2 and ZnSe (meniscus) and with circular or rectangular dimensions or other custom modules. Coating options include: uncoated, MgF2 single layer, V-type and broad band AR coating.

Shalom EO offers a vast variety of optical filters of both reflective and absorbing type: bandpass filters, neutral density filters, dichroic filters, notch filters, colored glass absorptive filters, IR filters and laser line filters.