It is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

14parts of microscope

It is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.

Fine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The thinner Micro-USB connectors were intended to replace the Mini connectors in devices manufactured since May 2007, including smartphones, personal digital assistants, and cameras.[16]

The stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

In May 2021, the USB PD promoter group launched revision 3.1 of the specification.[59] Revision 3.1 adds Extended Power Range (EPR) mode which allows higher voltages of 28, 36, and 48 V, providing up to 240 W of power (48 V at 5 A), and the "Adjustable Voltage Supply" (AVS) protocol which allows specifying the voltage from a range of 15 to 48 V in 100 mV steps.[71][72] Higher voltages require electronically marked EPR cables that support 5 A operation and incorporate mechanical improvements required by the USB Type-C standard rev. 2.1; existing power modes are retroactively renamed Standard Power Range (SPR). In October 2021 Apple introduced a 140 W (28 V 5 A) GaN USB PD charger with new MacBooks,[73] and in June 2023 Framework introduced a 180 W (36 V 5 A) GaN USB PD charger with the Framework 16.[74]

These are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Per the base specification, any device attached to a standard downstream port (SDP) must initially be a low-power device, with high-power mode contingent on later USB configuration by the host. Charging ports, however, can immediately supply between 0.5 and 1.5 A of current. The charging port must not apply current limiting below 0.5 A, and must not shut down below 1.5 A or before the voltage drops to 2 V.[51]

Microscope Partsdiagram

The USB standard specifies tolerances for compliant USB connectors to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors. The USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device in the area around its plug, so that adjacent ports are not blocked. Compliant devices must either fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant cable that does.

The limit to device power draw is stated in terms of a unit load which is 100 mA for USB 2.0, or 150 mA for SuperSpeed (i.e. USB 3.x) devices. Low-power devices may draw at most 1 unit load, and all devices must act as low-power devices before they are configured. A high-powered device must be configured, after which it may draw up to 5 unit loads (500 mA), or 6 unit loads (900 mA) for SuperSpeed devices, as specified in its configuration because the maximum power may not always be available from the upstream port.[44][45][46][47]

USB On-The-Go (OTG) introduces the concept of a device performing both host and device roles. All current OTG devices are required to have one, and only one, USB connector: a Micro-AB receptacle. (In the past, before the development of Micro-USB, On-The-Go devices used Mini-AB receptacles.)

In October 2023, the USB PD promoter group launched revision 3.2 of the specification. The AVS protocol now works with the old standard power range (SPR), down to a minimum of 9 V.[75]: §10.2.2

A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

On the device side, a modified Micro-B plug (Micro-B SuperSpeed) is used to cater for the five additional pins required to achieve the USB 3.0 features (USB-C plug can also be used). The USB 3.0 Micro-B plug effectively consists of a standard USB 2.0 Micro-B cable plug, with an additional 5 pins plug "stacked" to the side of it. In this way, cables with smaller 5 pin USB 2.0 Micro-B plugs can be plugged into devices with 10 contact USB 3.0 Micro-B receptacles and achieve backward compatibility.

Where devices (for example, high-speed disk drives) require more power than a high-power device can draw,[48] they function erratically, if at all, from bus power of a single port. USB provides for these devices as being self-powered. However, such devices may come with a Y-shaped cable that has two USB plugs (one for power and data, the other for only power), so as to draw power as two devices.[49] Such a cable is non-standard, with the USB compliance specification stating that "use of a 'Y' cable (a cable with two A-plugs) is prohibited on any USB peripheral", meaning that "if a USB peripheral requires more power than allowed by the USB specification to which it is designed, then it must be self-powered."[50]

Mini-USB connectors were introduced together with USB 2.0 in April 2000, mostly used with smaller devices such as digital cameras, smartphones, and tablet computers. The Mini-A connector and the Mini-AB receptacle connector have been deprecated since May 2007.[12] Mini-B connectors are still supported, but are not On-The-Go-compliant;[13] the Mini-B USB connector was standard for transferring data to and from the early smartphones and PDAs. Both Mini-A and Mini-B plugs are approximately 3 by 7 mm (0.12 by 0.28 in). The Mini-AB receptacle accepts either a Mini-A or Mini-B plug.

There are so-called cables with A plugs on both ends, which may be valid if the "cable" includes, for example, a USB host-to-host transfer device with two ports.[4] This is, by definition, a device with two logical B ports, each with a captive cable, not a cable with two A ends.

The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope. It is because it contains two types of lenses; ocular and objective. The ocular lens is the lens close to the eye, and the objective lens is the lens close to the object. These lenses work together to magnify the image of an object. Parts of Compound Microscope    There are twelve parts in a compound microscope. They are as follows:  Parts of Binocular Medical Microscope with built-in IlluminationIlluminator (Light Source)A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The USB 1.1 standard specifies that a standard cable can have a maximum length of 5 metres (16 ft 5 in) with devices operating at full speed (12 Mbit/s), and a maximum length of 3 metres (9 ft 10 in) with devices operating at low speed (1.5 Mbit/s).[36][37][38]

The microscope was developed in the 16th century. Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the first modern microscope. He is also known as the father of microscopy. Microscopy is the technical term in which the microscope is used for investigation.Do you know?Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is the first person to see bacteria.There are different types of microscopes based on their working mechanism and functions, but the microscopes can be broadly classified into;Light (optical) microscope andElectron microscopeTable of ContentsToggleThe Light Microscope  Parts of Compound Microscope    Illuminator (Light Source)Diaphragm (Iris)CondenserApertureStageObjective lensBody TubeOcular Lens (eye-piece)Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobArmBaseMicroscope WorksheetThe Light Microscope  Light microscopes are used to examine cells at relatively low magnifications. Magnifications of about 2000X are the upper limit for light microscopes. The highest resolution of a light microscope is about 0.2 μm. The use of blue light to illuminate a specimen gives the highest resolution. It is because blue light is of a shorter wavelength than white or red light. For this reason, many light microscopes come fitted with a blue filter over the condenser lens to improve resolution.The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope. It is because it contains two types of lenses; ocular and objective. The ocular lens is the lens close to the eye, and the objective lens is the lens close to the object. These lenses work together to magnify the image of an object. Parts of Compound Microscope    There are twelve parts in a compound microscope. They are as follows:  Parts of Binocular Medical Microscope with built-in IlluminationIlluminator (Light Source)A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Optical dispersion refers to the phenomenon where light interacts with a material, causing transitions between electronic states and providing insights into ...

Some devices, when plugged into charging ports, draw even more power (10 watts) than the Battery Charging Specification allows—the iPad is one such device;[106] it negotiates the current pull with data pin voltages.[54] Barnes & Noble Nook Color devices also require a special charger that runs at 1.9 A.[107]

In standard USB, the electrical contacts in a USB connector are protected by an adjacent plastic tongue, and the entire connecting assembly is usually protected by an enclosing metal shell.[5]

Request a quote and buy online Deconcrete Deconcrete De-Medium Grey 6060 60x60cm by Ceramica Sant'Agostino, Porcelain Stoneware, Wall tile, ...

For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

References and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

ACAs have three ports: the OTG port for the portable device, which is required to have a Micro-A plug on a captive cable; the accessory port, which is required to have a Micro-AB or type-A receptacle; and the charging port, which is required to have a Micro-B receptacle, or type-A plug or charger on a captive cable. The ID pin of the OTG port is not connected within plug as usual, but to the ACA itself, where signals outside the OTG floating and ground states are used for ACA detection and state signaling. The charging port does not pass data, but does use the D± signals for charging port detection. The accessory port acts as any other port. When appropriately signaled by the ACA, the portable device can charge from the bus power as if there were a charging port present; any OTG signals over bus power are instead passed to the portable device via the ID signal. Bus power is also provided to the accessory port from the charging port transparently.[51]

On Dell, HP and Toshiba laptops, sleep-and-charge USB ports are marked with the standard USB symbol with an added lightning bolt or battery icon on the right side.[83] Dell calls this feature PowerShare,[84] and it needs to be enabled in the BIOS. Toshiba calls it USB Sleep-and-Charge.[85] On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops, sleep-and-charge USB ports are marked with a non-standard symbol (the letters USB over a drawing of a battery); the feature is called Power-off USB.[86] Lenovo calls this feature Always On USB.[87]

Standard USB has a minimum rated lifetime of 1,500 cycles of insertion and removal,[5] the Mini-USB receptacle increased this to 5,000 cycles,[5] and the newer Micro-USB[5] and USB-C receptacles are both designed for a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal.[6] To accomplish this, a locking device was added and the leaf-spring was moved from the jack to the plug, so that the most-stressed part is on the cable side of the connection. This change was made so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear.[5][page needed]

Micro-USB was endorsed as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices by the cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP) in 2007.[18]

The larger the opening of the lens (small F Stop number) the less the Depth of Field. Only the person is sharp when using F 1.4 and the background appears ...

USB PD continues the use of the bilateral 5% tolerance, with allowable voltages of PDO ±5% ±0.5 V (eg. for a PDO of 9.0 V, the maximum and minimum limits are 9.95 V and 8.05 V, respectively).[43]

Objective lensmicroscopefunction

In addition to limiting the total average power used by the device, the USB specification limits the inrush current (i.e., the current used to charge decoupling and filter capacitors) when the device is first connected. Otherwise, connecting a device could cause problems with the host's internal power. USB devices are also required to automatically enter ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended. Nevertheless, many USB host interfaces do not cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended.[105]

The generation of reactive oxygen species presents a destructive challenge for the skin organ and there is a clear need to advance skin care formulations aiming ...

USB-C devices support power currents of 1.5 A and 3.0 A over the 5 V power bus in addition to baseline 900 mA. These higher currents can be negotiated through the configuration line. Devices can also utilize the full Power Delivery specification using both BMC-coded configuration line and legacy BFSK-coded VBUS line.[31]: §4.6.2.1

Parts of microscope meaningand uses

Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

In June 2009, the European Commission organized a voluntary Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to adopt micro-USB as a common standard for charging smartphones marketed in the European Union. The specification was called the common external power supply. The MoU lasted until 2014. The common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions.[99][100] In January 2011, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.[101]

The shell on the plug makes contact with the receptacle before any of the internal pins. The shell is typically grounded, to dissipate static electricity and to shield the wires within the connector.

Beneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 metres (16 ft 5 in) for devices running at high speed (480 Mbit/s). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5 μs. If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost. When adding USB device response time, delays from the maximum number of hubs added to the delays from connecting cables, the maximum acceptable delay per cable amounts to 26 ns.[38] The USB 2.0 specification requires that cable delay be less than 5.2 ns/m (1.6 ns/ft, 192000 km/s), which is close to the maximum achievable transmission speed for standard copper wire.

The world of scientific discovery heavily relies on the powerful tool known as the microscope. This remarkable instrument may seem deceptively simple, but it is a complex symphony of various parts and components working together harmoniously. Each component plays a crucial role in unlocking the secrets of the microscopic world. From the eyepiece to the objective lens, the stage, and the illuminator, every piece of the microscope has a specific function that contributes to the clarity and precision of the observed images.

Manufacturers of personal electronic devices might not include a USB standard connector on their product for technical or marketing reasons.[33] E.g. Olympus has been using a special cable called CB-USB8 one end of which has a special contact. Some manufacturers provide proprietary cables, such as Lightning, that permit their devices to physically connect to a USB standard port. Full functionality of proprietary ports and cables with USB standard ports is not assured; for example, some devices only use the USB connection for battery charging and do not implement any data transfer functions.[34]

Light microscopes are used to examine cells at relatively low magnifications. Magnifications of about 2000X are the upper limit for light microscopes. The highest resolution of a light microscope is about 0.2 μm. The use of blue light to illuminate a specimen gives the highest resolution. It is because blue light is of a shorter wavelength than white or red light. For this reason, many light microscopes come fitted with a blue filter over the condenser lens to improve resolution.The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope. It is because it contains two types of lenses; ocular and objective. The ocular lens is the lens close to the eye, and the objective lens is the lens close to the object. These lenses work together to magnify the image of an object. Parts of Compound Microscope    There are twelve parts in a compound microscope. They are as follows:  Parts of Binocular Medical Microscope with built-in IlluminationIlluminator (Light Source)A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The maximum allowed cross-section of the overmold boot (which is part of the connector used for its handling) is 16 by 8 mm (0.63 by 0.31 in) for the Standard-A plug type, while for the Type-B it is 11.5 by 10.5 mm (0.45 by 0.41 in).[3]

Parts of microscope meaningpdf

This article delves into the symphony of microscope parts, exploring how each component plays a vital role in scientific discovery. Whether you are a seasoned scientist or fascinated by the world of microscopy, join us as we explore the intricate details of this extraordinary tool and its impact on unraveling the mysteries of the microscopic realm.

The arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The USB-C connector supersedes all earlier USB connectors and the Mini DisplayPort connector. It is used for all USB protocols and for Thunderbolt (3 and later), DisplayPort (1.2 and later), and others. Developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification, but distinct from it, the USB-C Specification 1.0 was finalized in August 2014[25] and defines a new small reversible-plug connector for USB devices.[26] The USB-C plug connects to both hosts and devices, replacing various Type-A and Type-B connectors and cables with a standard meant to be future-proof.[25][27]

The revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Jul 7, 2022 — Heavy metals bind to parts of your cells that prevent your organs from doing their job. Symptoms of heavy metal poisoning can be life ...

To enable Type-AB receptacles to distinguish which end of a cable is plugged in, plugs have an "ID" pin in addition to the four contacts in standard-size USB connectors. This ID pin is connected to GND in Type-A plugs, and left unconnected in Type-B plugs. Typically, a pull-up resistor in the device is used to detect the presence or absence of an ID connection.

Some non-standard USB devices use the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network, which negotiates power draw with the host interface. Examples include USB-powered keyboard lights, fans, mug coolers and heaters, battery chargers, miniature vacuum cleaners, and even miniature lava lamps. In most cases, these items contain no digital circuitry, and thus are not standard-compliant USB devices. This may cause problems with some computers, such as drawing too much current and damaging circuitry. Prior to the USB Battery Charging Specification, the USB specification required that devices connect in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and communicate their current requirements to the host, which then permits the device to switch into high-power mode.

The intent is to permit uniformly charging laptops, tablets, USB-powered disks and similarly higher-power consumer electronics, as a natural extension of existing European and Chinese mobile telephone charging standards. This may also affect the way electric power used for small devices is transmitted and used in both residential and public buildings.[62][56] The standard is designed to coexist with the previous USB Battery Charging specification.[63]

Hello, I am Sushmita Baniya from Nepal. I have completed M.Sc Medical Microbiology. I am interested in Genetics and Molecular Biology.

Histology studies biological tissues that are preserved carefully, usually by embedding them in paraffin wax. These methods of careful preservation maintain relationships between cells and their...Continue Reading

The condenser, for example, gathers and focuses light onto the specimen, while the diaphragm controls the intensity and direction of the light. Without these components working in perfect harmony, scientific discoveries ranging from studying cells to examining microorganisms would not be possible. This article delves into the symphony of microscope parts, exploring how each component plays a vital role in scientific discovery. Whether you are a seasoned scientist or fascinated by the world of microscopy, join us as we explore the intricate details of this extraordinary tool and its impact on unraveling the mysteries of the microscopic realm.The microscope was developed in the 16th century. Antony van Leeuwenhoek made the first modern microscope. He is also known as the father of microscopy. Microscopy is the technical term in which the microscope is used for investigation.Do you know?Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is the first person to see bacteria.There are different types of microscopes based on their working mechanism and functions, but the microscopes can be broadly classified into;Light (optical) microscope andElectron microscopeTable of ContentsToggleThe Light Microscope  Parts of Compound Microscope    Illuminator (Light Source)Diaphragm (Iris)CondenserApertureStageObjective lensBody TubeOcular Lens (eye-piece)Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobArmBaseMicroscope WorksheetThe Light Microscope  Light microscopes are used to examine cells at relatively low magnifications. Magnifications of about 2000X are the upper limit for light microscopes. The highest resolution of a light microscope is about 0.2 μm. The use of blue light to illuminate a specimen gives the highest resolution. It is because blue light is of a shorter wavelength than white or red light. For this reason, many light microscopes come fitted with a blue filter over the condenser lens to improve resolution.The common light microscope used in the laboratory is called a compound microscope. It is because it contains two types of lenses; ocular and objective. The ocular lens is the lens close to the eye, and the objective lens is the lens close to the object. These lenses work together to magnify the image of an object. Parts of Compound Microscope    There are twelve parts in a compound microscope. They are as follows:  Parts of Binocular Medical Microscope with built-in IlluminationIlluminator (Light Source)A mirror or electric bulb is provided as the source of light rays. The function of the mirror is to provide reflected light from a lamp or sunlight. Most microscopes today have built-in lamps that provide necessary illumination.You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.Diaphragm (Iris)Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

It transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The three sizes of USB connectors are the default, or standard, format intended for desktop or portable equipment, the mini intended for mobile equipment, which was deprecated when it was replaced by the thinner micro size, all of which were deprecated in USB 3.2 in favor of Type-C. There are five speeds for USB data transfer: Low Speed, Full Speed, High Speed (from version 2.0 of the specification), SuperSpeed (from version 3.0), and SuperSpeed+ (from version 3.1). The modes have differing hardware and cabling requirements. USB devices have some choice of implemented modes, and USB version is not a reliable statement of implemented modes. Modes are identified by their names and icons, and the specification suggests that plugs and receptacles be color-coded (SuperSpeed is identified by blue).

Cell membranes are usually impermeable to foreign materials, which means materials like proteins and nucleic acid cannot enter the cells. The phenomenon of using an electric pulse helps in creating...Continue Reading

A fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Sleep-and-charge USB ports can be used to charge electronic devices even when the computer that hosts the ports is switched off. Normally, when a computer is powered off the USB ports are powered down. This feature has also been implemented on some laptop docking stations allowing device charging even when no laptop is present.[81] On laptops, charging devices from the USB port when it is not being powered from AC drains the laptop battery; most laptops have a facility to stop charging if their own battery charge level gets too low.[82]

As of 2024 mainstream USB PD charging controllers support up to 100 W through a single port, with a few up to 140 W[78][79] and custom built up to 180 W.[80]

PoweredUSB is a proprietary extension that adds four pins supplying up to 6 A at 5 V, 12 V, or 24 V. It is commonly used in point of sale systems to power peripherals such as barcode readers, credit card terminals, and printers.

The initial versions of the USB standard specified connectors that were easy to use and that would have acceptable life spans; revisions of the standard added smaller connectors useful for compact portable devices. Higher-speed development of the USB standard gave rise to another family of connectors to permit additional data paths. All versions of USB specify cable properties; version 3.x cables include additional data paths. The USB standard included power supply to peripheral devices; modern versions of the standard extend the power delivery limits for battery charging and devices requiring up to 240 watts. USB has been selected as the standard charging format for many mobile phones, reducing the proliferation of proprietary chargers.

The "Fresnel Equations". Brewster's Angle. Total internal reflection. Power reflectance and transmittance. Augustin Fresnel. 1788-1827. Page 2. Posing the ...

The USB Power Delivery specification revision 3.0 defines an optional Programmable Power Supply (PPS) protocol that allows granular control over VBUS output, allowing a voltage range of 3.3 to 21 V in 20 mV steps, and a current specified in 50 mA steps, to facilitate constant-voltage and constant-current charging. Revision 3.0 also adds extended configuration messages and fast role swap and deprecates the BFSK protocol.[58]: Table 6.26 [68][69]

Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.

The USB 3.0 standard does not directly specify a maximum cable length, requiring only that all cables meet an electrical specification: for copper cabling with AWG 26 wires the maximum practical length is 3 metres (9 ft 10 in).[39]

The GSM Association (GSMA) followed suit on February 17, 2009,[93][94][95][96] and on April 22, 2009, this was further endorsed by the CTIA – The Wireless Association,[97] with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announcing on October 22, 2009, that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."[98]

On January 8, 2018, USB-IF announced the Certified USB Fast Charger logo for chargers that use the Programmable Power Supply (PPS) protocol from the USB Power Delivery 3.0 specification.[70]

Micro-USB connectors, which were announced by the USB-IF on January 4, 2007,[14][15] have a similar width to Mini-USB, but approximately half the thickness, enabling their integration into thinner portable devices. The Micro-A connector is 6.85 by 1.8 mm (0.270 by 0.071 in) with a maximum overmold boot size of 11.7 by 8.5 mm (0.46 by 0.33 in), while the Micro-B connector is 6.85 by 1.8 mm (0.270 by 0.071 in) with a maximum overmold size of 10.6 by 8.5 mm (0.42 by 0.33 in).[8]

As of USB Power Delivery specification revision 2.0, version 1.2, the six fixed power profiles for power sources have been deprecated.[67] USB PD Power Rules replace power profiles, defining four normative voltage levels at 5 V, 9 V, 15 V, and 20 V. Instead of six fixed profiles, power supplies may support any maximum source output power from 0.5 W to 100 W.

In 2022, the Radio Equipment Directive 2022/2380 made USB-C compulsory as a mobile phone charging standard from 2024, and for laptops from 2026.[102]

Coarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

USB cables exist with various combinations of plugs on each end of the cable, as displayed below in the USB cables matrix.

As of 14 June 2007[update], all new mobile phones applying for a license in China are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging.[88][89] This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D− in the charger.[90]

A variety of (non-USB) standards support charging devices faster than the USB Battery Charging standard. When a device doesn't recognize the faster-charging standard, generally the device and the charger fall back to the USB battery-charging standard of 5 V at 1.5 A (7.5 W). When a device detects it is plugged into a charger with a compatible faster-charging standard, the device pulls more current or the device tells the charger to increase the voltage or both to increase power (the details vary between standards).[103]

OTG devices attached either to a peripheral-only B-device or a standard/embedded host have their role fixed by the cable, since in these scenarios it is only possible to attach the cable one way.[citation needed]

In July 2012, the USB Promoters Group announced the finalization of the USB Power Delivery (USB-PD) specification (USB PD rev. 1), an extension that specifies using certified PD aware USB cables with standard USB Type-A and Type-B connectors to deliver increased power (more than 7.5 W maximum allowed by the previous USB Battery Charging specification) to devices with greater power demands. (USB-PD A and B plugs have a mechanical mark while Micro plugs have a resistor or capacitor attached to the ID pin indicating the cable capability.) USB-PD Devices can request higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts—up to 2 A at 5 V (for a power consumption of up to 10 W), and optionally up to 3 A or 5 A at either 12 V (36 W or 60 W) or 20 V (60 W or 100 W).[60] In all cases, both host-to-device and device-to-host configurations are supported.[61]

Portable devices having a USB On-The-Go port may want to charge and access a USB peripheral simultaneously, yet having only a single port (both due to On-The-Go and space requirement) prevents this. Accessory charging adapters (ACA) are devices that provide portable charging power to an On-The-Go connection between host and peripheral.

USB plugs fit one receptacle with notable exceptions for USB On-The-Go "AB" support and the general backward compatibility of USB 3.0 as shown.

USB Battery Charging (BC) defines a charging port, which may be a charging downstream port (CDP), with data, or a dedicated charging port (DCP) without data. Dedicated charging ports can be found on USB power adapters to run attached devices and battery packs. Charging ports on a host with both kinds will be labeled.[51]

USB 3.0 provides two additional differential pairs (four wires, SSTx+, SSTx−, SSRx+ and SSRx−), providing full-duplex data transfers at SuperSpeed, which makes it similar to Serial ATA or single-lane PCI Express.

Since these currents are larger than in the original standard, the extra voltage drop in the cable reduces noise margins, causing problems with High Speed signaling. Battery Charging Specification 1.1 specifies that charging devices must dynamically limit bus power current draw during High Speed signaling;[52] 1.2 specifies that charging devices and ports must be designed to tolerate the higher ground voltage difference in High Speed signaling.

Revision 1.2 of the specification was released in 2010. It made several changes, and increased limits including allowing 1.5 A on charging downstream ports for unconfigured devices—allowing High Speed communication while having a current up to 1.5 A. Also, support was removed for charging port detection via resistive mechanisms.[53]

USB ports and connectors are often color-coded to distinguish their different functions and USB versions. These colors are not part of the USB specification and can vary between manufacturers; for example, the USB 3.0 specification mandates appropriate color-coding while it only recommends blue inserts for Standard-A USB 3.0 connectors and plugs.[9]

By design, it is difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly. The USB specification requires that the cable plug and receptacle be marked so the user can recognize the proper orientation.[2] The USB-C plug however is reversible. USB cables and small USB devices are held in place by the gripping force from the receptacle, with no screws, clips, or thumb-turns as other connectors use.

The USB Power Delivery specification revision 2.0 (USB PD Rev. 2.0) has been released as part of the USB 3.1 suite.[57][64][65] It covers the USB-C cable and connector with a separate configuration channel, which now hosts a DC coupled low-frequency BMC-coded data channel that reduces the possibilities for RF interference.[66] Power Delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate USB-C features such as cable ID function, Alternate Mode negotiation, increased VBUS currents, and VCONN-powered accessories.

Functionof microscope

The tolerance on V_BUS at an upstream (or host) connector was originally ±5% (i.e. could lie anywhere in the range 4.75 V to 5.25 V). With the release of the USB Type-C specification in 2014 and its 3 A power capability, the USB-IF elected to increase the upper voltage limit to 5.5 V to combat voltage droop at higher currents.[40] The USB 2.0 specification (and therefore implicitly also the USB 3.x specifications) was also updated to reflect this change at that time.[41] A number of extensions to the USB Specifications have progressively further increased the maximum allowable V_BUS voltage: starting with 6.0 V with USB BC 1.2,[42] to 21.5 V with USB PD 2.0[43] and 50.9 V with USB PD 3.1,[43] while still maintaining backwards compatibility with USB 2.0 by requiring various forms of handshake before increasing the nominal voltage above 5 V.

Prior to Power Delivery, mobile phone vendors used custom protocols to exceed the 7.5 W cap on the USB Battery Charging Specification (BCS). For example, Qualcomm's Quick Charge 2.0 is able to deliver 18 W at a higher voltage, and VOOC delivers 20 W at the normal 5 V.[76] Some of these technologies, such as Quick Charge 4, eventually became compatible with USB PD again.[77]

Mar 14, 2013 — OPTICAL COMPONENTS FOR FIRE CONTROL INSTRUMENTS; GENERAL SPECIFICATION GOVERNING THE NAMUFACTURE ASSEMBLY AND INSPECTION OF (SUPERSEDING ...

A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.

Functionofeyepiece inmicroscope

The OTG device with the A-plug inserted is called the A-device and is responsible for powering the USB interface when required, and by default assumes the role of host. The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called the B-device and by default assumes the role of peripheral. An OTG device with no plug inserted defaults to acting as a B-device. If an application on the B-device requires the role of host, then the Host Negotiation Protocol (HNP) is used to temporarily transfer the host role to the B-device.

USB connector types multiplied as the specification progressed. The original USB specification detailed standard-A and standard-B plugs and receptacles. The connectors were different so that users could not connect one computer receptacle to another. The data pins in the standard plugs are recessed compared to the power pins so that the device can power up before establishing a data connection. Some devices operate in different modes depending on whether the data connection is made. Charging docks supply power and do not include a host device or data pins, allowing any capable USB device to charge or operate from a standard USB cable. Charging cables provide power connections, but not data. In a charge-only cable, the data wires are shorted at the device end, otherwise, the device may reject the charger as unsuitable.

Some USB devices require more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port. This is common for external hard and optical disc drives, and generally for devices with motors or lamps. Such devices can use an external power supply, which is allowed by the standard, or use a dual-input USB cable, one input of which is for power and data transfer, the other solely for power, which makes the device a non-standard USB device. Some USB ports and external hubs can, in practice, supply more power to USB devices than required by the specification but a standard-compliant device may not depend on this.

In Europe, micro-USB became the defined common external power supply (EPS) for use with smartphones sold in the EU,[20] and 14 of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU).[21][22] Apple, one of the original MoU signers, makes Micro-USB adapters available—as permitted in the Common EPS MoU—for its iPhones equipped with Apple's proprietary 30-pin dock connector or (later) Lightning connector.[23][24] according to the CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.

You can turn on and off the light source using a switch and adjust the illumination intensity by turning the light adjustment knob. This knob is calibrated with a scale of 1 to 10; 1 is low intensity, and 10 is high intensity.

There are different types of microscopes based on their working mechanism and functions, but the microscopes can be broadly classified into;

Optical Physics ... Optical Physics is defined as the branch of physics that focuses on the behavior of light rays, particularly in relation to mirrors, lenses, ...

Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage known as the diaphragm or iris. The diaphragm has different-sized holes that control the amount of light passing through it. Based on the transparency of the specimen, adjustment of the diaphragm setting to achieve a needed degree of contrast is possible.Iris is used to increase or reducing the condenser aperture. Iris is closed for about two-thirds for 10X objective, Iris is open more for 40X objective, and iris is fully open for 100X objective. One should use lamp brightness control, not the iris, to reduce the illumination intensity. If the condenser aperture is closed too much, there will be a loss of detail (resolution) in the image.CondenserBeneath the stage is a group of lenses that comprise the condenser. The condenser accepts parallel light rays produced by an illuminator and condenses them into a strong beam. It causes light rays from the light source to converge on the microscopic slide. The clarity of the image increases with the higher magnification of the condenser.For routine transmitted light microscopy following type of condenser and fittings are recommended.Abb type condenser with iris diaphragmFacility to center the condenser in its mount unless precentered by the manufacturer.Fitted with a filter holder of the swing-out type.Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

Before the Battery Charging Specification was defined, there was no standardized way for the portable device to inquire how much current was available. For example, Apple's iPod and iPhone chargers indicate the available current by voltages on the D− and D+ lines (sometimes also called "Apple Brick ID"). When D+ = D− = 2.0 V, the device may pull up to 900 mA. When D+ = 2.0 V and D− = 2.8 V, the device may pull up to 1 A of current.[54] When D+ = 2.8 V and D− = 2.0 V, the device may pull up to 2 A of current.[55]

The coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).

USB 2.0 uses two wires for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential serial data signals. Mini and micro connectors have their GND connections moved from pin #4 to pin #5, while their pin #4 serves as an ID pin for the On-The-Go host/client identification.[7]

Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The standard connectors were designed to be more robust than many past connectors. This is because USB is hot-swappable, and the connectors would be used more frequently, and perhaps with less care, than previous connectors.

The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.

Full-featured USB-C 3.1 cables contain a full set of wires and are "electronically marked" (E-marked): they contain a "eMarker" chip that responds to the USB Power Delivery Discover Identity command, a kind of vendor-defined message (VDM) sent over the configuration data channel (CC). Using this command, the cable reports its current capacities, maximum speed, and other parameters.[31]: §4.9  Full-Featured USB Type-C devices are a mechanic prerequisite for multi-lane operation (USB 3.2 Gen 1x2, USB 3.2 Gen 2x2, USB4 2x2, USB4 3x2, USB Gen 4 Asymmetric).[31]

Micro-USB was embraced as the "Universal Charging Solution" by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in October 2009.[19]

The charging device identifies a charging port by non-data signaling on the D+ and D− terminals. A dedicated charging port places a resistance not exceeding 200 Ω across the D+ and D− terminals.[51]: §1.4.7; table 5-3

USB 3.x and USB 1.x Type-A plugs and receptacles are designed to interoperate. To achieve USB 3.0's SuperSpeed (and SuperSpeed+ for USB 3.1 Gen 2), 5 extra pins are added to the unused area of the original 4 pin USB 1.0 design, making USB 3.0 Type-A plugs and receptacles backward compatible to those of USB 1.0.

Unlike other data buses (such as Ethernet), USB connections are directed; a host device has "downstream" facing ports that connect to the "upstream" facing ports of devices. Only downstream facing ports provide power; this topology was chosen to easily prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment. Thus, USB cables have different ends: A and B, with different physical connectors for each. Each format has a plug and receptacle defined for each of the A and B ends. A USB cable, by definition, has a plug on each end—one A (or C) and one B (or C)—and the corresponding receptacle is usually on a computer or electronic device. The mini and micro formats may connect to an AB receptacle, which accepts either an A or a B plug, that plug determining the behavior of the receptacle.

The D± signals used by low, full, and high speed are carried over a twisted pair (typically unshielded) to reduce noise and crosstalk. SuperSpeed uses separate transmit and receive differential pairs, which additionally require shielding (typically, shielded twisted pair but twinax is also mentioned by the specification). Thus, to support SuperSpeed data transmission, cables contain twice as many wires and are larger in diameter.[35]

Microbeonline.com is an online guidebook on Microbiology, precisely speaking, Medical Microbiology. This blog shares information and resources about pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.  We are trying our best to make this site user-friendly and resourceful with timely/updated information about each pathogen, disease caused by them, pathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis.

There are several minimum allowable voltages defined at different locations within a chain of connectors, hubs, and cables between an upstream host (providing the power) and a downstream device (consuming the power). To allow for voltage drops, the voltage at the host port, hub port, and device are specified to be at least 4.75 V, 4.4 V, and 4.35 V respectively by USB 2.0 for low-power devices,[a] but must be at least 4.75 V at all locations for high-power[b] devices (however, high-power devices are required to operate as a low-powered device so that they may be detected and enumerated if connected to a low-power upstream port). The USB 3.x specifications require that all devices must operate down to 4.00 V at the device port.

Jan 27, 2021 — Finally, diffractive optical lenses in their most basic binary form are generally less efficient than refractive optics, which can constitute a ...

Compoundmicroscope partsand functions

The Micro plug design is rated for at least 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles, which is more than the Mini plug design.[14][17] The Micro connector is also designed to reduce the mechanical wear on the device; instead, the easier-to-replace cable is designed to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection. The Universal Serial Bus Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification details the mechanical characteristics of Micro-A plugs, Micro-AB receptacles (which accept both Micro-A and Micro-B plugs), Double-Sided Micro USB, and Micro-B plugs and receptacles,[17] along with a Standard-A receptacle to a Micro-A plug adapter.

Unlike USB 2.0 and USB 3.2, USB4 does not define its own VBUS-based power model. Power for USB4 operation is established and managed as defined in the USB Type-C Specification and the USB PD Specification.

USB 3.0 introduced Type-A SuperSpeed plugs and receptacles as well as micro-sized Type-B SuperSpeed plugs and receptacles. The 3.0 receptacles are backward-compatible with the corresponding pre-3.0 plugs.

The different A and B plugs prevent accidentally connecting two power sources. However, some of this directed topology is lost with the advent of multi-purpose USB connections (such as USB On-The-Go in smartphones, and USB-powered Wi-Fi routers), which require A-to-A, B-to-B, and sometimes Y/splitter cables. See the USB On-The-Go connectors section below for a more detailed summary description.

The 24-pin double-sided connector provides four power–ground pairs, two differential pairs for USB 2.0 data (though only one pair is implemented in a USB-C cable), four pairs for SuperSpeed data bus (only two pairs are used in USB 3.1 mode), two "sideband use" pins, VCONN +5 V power for active cables, and a configuration pin for cable orientation detection and dedicated biphase mark code (BMC) configuration data channel (CC).[28][29] Type-A and Type-B adaptors and cables are required for older hosts and devices to plug into USB-C hosts and devices. Adapters and cables with a USB-C receptacle are not allowed.[30]

Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).

Abbe condenser is present in the more sophisticated microscopes with a higher magnification of 1000X. The condenser focus knob helps in the up-down movement of the condenser and aids in controlling the focus of light on the specimen. ApertureIt is the hole present in the microscopic stage. Through the aperture, the transmitted light reaches the stage from the source.StageThe stage is a flat platform positioned about halfway up the arm. It is the part that holds the slides in place using simple or mechanical stage clips and enables them to be examined in a controlled way. The specimen can be moved systematically up and down and across the stage, i.e., X and Y movements.The stage is moved up or down using a sub-stage adjustment knob. An operator can move the slide around during a microscopic examination using stage control knobs. An integral, smooth-running mechanical stage, preferably with vernier scales to enable specimens to be easily located, is needed for smooth microscopic operations in a laboratory.Objective lensThese are primary lenses that magnify the specimens. Four objective lenses are present in the compound light microscope. The shortest lens has the lowest power. Similarly, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. The higher power objective lenses are retractable, i.e., when they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in, thereby protecting the lens and the slide.Objective lens of a microscope(4X): It is a scanning objective lens. It also provides the lowest magnification power of all objective lenses.(10X): It is a low-power lens. Lower magnifications locate specimen samples in certain areas on a microscope slide.(40 X): It is a high-power lens. 40X objective lens is applicable for examination of wet preparations e.g, hanging drop, and ova and cyst examination in the stool.(100 X): It is the oil-immersion lens. The lenses on which oil is used are called oil-immersion lenses. Visualization of bacteria generally requires immersion oil with 100X objective (i.e. total magnification of 1000X). Magnification of 1000X is sufficient for the visualization of fungi, most parasites, and bacteria but is not enough for observing viruses that require magnification of 100,000X or more. Electron microscope provides such magnification.Most ocular lens magnifies the image ten times. So the total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the power of the objective lens by the power of the eyepiece (10x). For example, if you are observing an object by a scanning objective lens (4x), you are observing a 40 times magnified image (10x eyepiece lens multiplied by 4x scanning objective lens).Body TubeIt transmits the image from the objective lens to the ocular lens. Ocular Lens (eye-piece)Ocular lens of a microscopeIt is located at the top of the microscope, and the ocular lens or eyepiece lens is used to look through the specimen. It also magnifies the image formed by the objective lens, usually ten times (10x) or 15 times (15x). Usually, a microscope has an eyepiece of 10x magnification power. Advanced microscopes have eyepieces for both eyes and are called binocular microscopes.A binocular microscope lets the user see the image with both eyes at once. It improves the quality of microscopical work as it is more restful, particularly when examining specimens for prolonged periods.The eyepiece tube, also known as the eyepiece holder, holds the eyepiece lens together. They are flexible in the binocular microscope that rotates for maximum visualization. They are not flexible in the monocular microscopes.Revolving Nose PieceThe revolving nosepiece holds several objective lenses of varying magnification. It is movable, and the user can rotate it to achieve desired magnification levels. Ideally, a microscope should be parfocal, i.e. the image should remain focused when objectives are changed.Coarse and Fine Adjustment KnobCoarse Adjustment KnobThe coarse adjustment knob located in the arm of a microscope moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The coarse adjustment helps to get the first focus. The gearing mechanism of the adjustment produces a large vertical movement of the stage with only a partial revolution of the knob. Because of this, the coarse adjustment should only be used with low power (4x and 10x objectives) and never with high power lenses (40x and 100x).Coarse and fine adjustment knob of a microscopeFine Adjustment KnobA fine adjustment knob is generally present inside the coarse adjustment knob. It helps in bringing the specimen into sharp focus under lower power. It also helps for overall focusing when using a high-power lens.ArmThe arm of the microscope supports the tube and connects it with the base. The arm as well as the base help to carry the microscope. In the case of high-quality microscopes,  an articulated arm with more than one joint is present.BaseThe base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

In September 2007, the Open Mobile Terminal Platform group (a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, and LG) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices.[91][92]

The connectors the USB committee specifies support a number of USB's underlying goals, and reflect lessons learned from the many connectors the computer industry has used. The connector mounted on the host or device is called the receptacle, and the connector attached to the cable is called the plug.[2] The official USB specification documents also periodically define the term male to represent the plug, and female to represent the receptacle.[3][clarification needed]

The Micro-AB receptacle is capable of accepting Micro-A and Micro-B plugs, attached to any of the legal cables and adapters as defined in revision 1.01 of the Micro-USB specification.

The first Power Delivery specification (Rev. 1.0) defined six fixed power profiles for the power sources. PD-aware devices implement a flexible power management scheme by interfacing with the power source through a bidirectional data channel and requesting a certain level of electrical power, variable up to 5 A and 20 V depending on supported profile. The power configuration protocol can use BMC coding over the CC (configuration channel) wire if one is present, or a 24 MHz BFSK-coded transmission channel on the VBUS line.[56]

A bus-powered hub is a high-power device providing low-power ports. It draws 1 unit load for the hub controller and 1 unit load for each of at most 4 ports. The hub may also have some non-removable functions in place of ports. A self-powered hub is a device that provides high-power ports by supplementing the power supply from the host with its own external supply. Optionally, the hub controller may draw power for its operation as a low-power device, but all high-power ports must draw from the hub's self-power.

Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

The base is the bottom of a microscope. It helps to support the microscope. A microscopic illuminator is also present in it.In summary, the parts of the microscope and their functions are explained below in the table:Name of the partsFunction Arm (limb)Connects ocular tube and base. It also helps carry the microscopeBaseProvides support to help microscope stand uprightCoarse adjustment knobsFocus of image under high power and moving the stage up and down. CondenserForming a cone of all the dispersed light rays from the illuminatorDiaphragm (Iris)Controls the intensity of illuminating lightEyepiece (ocular lens)Magnification of image produced by objective lensFine adjustment knobsFocus the image when viewing under high powerIlluminatorProvides high-intensity light at the field apertureMirrorReflects light from an external sourceObjective lensPrimary magnifier of microscopeOcular tube Maintains the correct distance between the ocular and objective lensRevolving nose pieceHolds the objective lens. Its rotation helps to change the power of the objective lensStagePlace for holding sampleStage clips Keeps the slide with a specimen in place on the stageMicroscope Worksheet Download the PDF of the given Binocular Microscope and label its parts.Download Microscope Parts WorksheetReferences and further readingsMadigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., Stahl, D. A., & Clark, D. P. (2011). BROCK Biology of Microorganisms (13thedition). Benjamin Cumming.Prescott, L. M. (2002). Microbiology (5th edition). The McGraw-Hill Companies.Abramowitz, M., & Davidson, M. Eyepieces (Oculars). Evident. Retrieved 6 June 2022, from https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/anatomy/oculars/.RelatedPostSaveShareShareEmail

A microscope is an instrument that can be used to observe small objects, even cells. The image of an object is magnified through at least one lens in the ...