These days, both zoom and prime lenses are fairly sharp. But for longer focal lengths, zoom lenses tend to lose sharpness near their maximum focal length. This is especially true with lenses that go up to 500mm or 600mm, where prime lenses in this category always outdo zoom lenses.

Most fast, professional zoom lenses, such as 14-24mm, 24-70mm and 70-200mm, have a fixed maximum aperture of f/2.8. Fast, professional prime lenses on the other hand, can go as wide as f/0.95. For this reason, they offer not just better light gathering abilities, but also shallow depth of field, which can result in photographs with beautifully rendered background highlights known as “bokeh“.

Oscar Serpell oversees all student programming, alumni engagement, faculty and student grants, and visiting scholars. He is also a researcher, writer, and policy analyst working on research initiatives with students and Center partners.

Ives, Mike. 2013. “Boom in Mining Rare Earths Poses Mounting Toxic Risks.” Yale Environment 360. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://e360.yale.edu/features/boom_in_mining_rare_earths_poses_mounting_toxic_risks.

Haxel, Gordon, J. Hedrick, and G. Orris. 2005. “Rare Earth Elements—Critical Resources for High Technology.” U.S. Geological Survey. Accessed April 6, 2021,https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs087-02/.

Where arerare earthmetals found

Electric motors and turbines are an integral part of decarbonization. While these technologies may not directly produce carbon emissions, many of them require specific rare earth elements. Extracting these elements is an energy-intensive and heavily polluting process, complicating the transition to "clean" energy.

This policy plan is subtly distinct from a policy that might be designed with the sole intention of encouraging the rapid adoption of EV’s and wind turbines. Such a policy would simply incentivize producers to employ the best and most efficient technologies—in this case, REE magnet motors and generators. It would then be up to the market to signal an increase in production of REEs to meet this demand, and an inevitable tension would arise between resource supply, affordability, and environmental sustainability.

The clean energy technologies sector is expected to increase demand for REEs considerably, because strong magnets are critical in the construction of direct drive wind turbines and permanent magnet motors for electric vehicles (DOE 2019; Hanejko 2020).

Many modern prime lenses are significantly cheaper than their zoom counterparts. A 24mm f/2.8 lens will set you back around $400, while a 24-70mm f/2.8 will cost $1900-2300. Even if you cover focal lengths between 24mm and 70mm with fast primes like 35mm f/1.8, 50mm f/1.8 and 85mm f/1.8, you will still end up paying less.

Prime lenses offer something of a compromise – they trade versatility in favor of size and weight. A while ago, I decided to go with a 85mm f/1.4 lens instead of a 70-200 f/2.8 and never really regretted this decision. Having only big lenses may sometimes mean you will leave your camera at home instead of taking it with you wherever you go.

From the 1960s to the 1990s, Mountain Pass remained the only large-scale source of rare earth elements globally (See Figure 2). However, around the turn of the millennium, policy makers and manufacturers determined that it no longer made sense to pay for REEs mined in accordance with the relatively strict environmental protection laws in the United States (Hudson et al., 1999).

Such lenses will let in twice to three times as much light as a fast professional zoom lens with an aperture of f/2.8. While many zoom lenses feature optical image stabilization systems to help you in low-light conditions, such systems are useless if you have a moving subject.

Natural Resources Canada. 2021. “Rare Earth Elements.” Government of Canada. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/our-natural-resources/minerals-mining/minerals-metals-facts/rare-earth-elements-facts/20522.

Motivalli, Jim. 2010. “Forget Lithium—It’s Rare Earth Minerals That Are in Short Supply for EV’s.” CBS News. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/forget-lithium-its-rare-earth-minerals-that-are-in-short-supply-for-evs/.

Despite these drawbacks, generators and motors based on electromagnetic induction have been in use for decades and are still generally cheaper than technologies utilizing REEs (Widmer 2015). The current wind capacity in the U.S. is predominantly supported by induction generators and most of the earlier Tesla models (Roadster, Model S, and Model X) run on induction motors. Further technological developments in these areas or using hybrid designs that incorporate small amounts of REEs to increase efficiencies can help manage the overall demand of REEs.

Other possibilities for reducing the environmental impact of REE mining involve improving the technology and processes being used in existing mining efforts, including finding ways to maximize recovery of REEs from mined material, upgrade recycling routes of e-waste and tailings to decrease waste disposal, and improve tailing treatment and pond or dam safety (such as better monitoring, infrastructure, etc.) (Xiang 2016).

However, there are still a number of environmental concerns with all of these options, and processes for the extraction of REEs from these sources are still nascent (Filho 2016). It is not yet clear if the costs of these methods will make them worthwhile for REE producers to pursue.

Green Jeffery. 2019. “The Collapse of American Rare Earth Mining—and Lessons Learned.” Defense News. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2019/11/12/the-collapse-of-american-rare-earth-mining-and-lessons-learned/.

But, if you need a single lens for a variety of applications, a zoom lens would likely be better. That’s why most wedding shooters simply love 24-70mm f/2.8 zooms, since this range on a full-frame camera can do almost everything from group shots to portraits.

If China’s commitment to a cleaner and healthier environment persists, the world could see a dramatic increase in REE prices. On the other hand, if China does not institute lasting regulations on the REE mining industry, and other countries relax existing environmental controls and permitting restrictions in order to increase competition, global production could increase, and prices could drop. These environmental risks may be difficult to avoid since a secure supply of REEs will be essential to a fully decarbonized energy system.

Desai, Pratima. 2018. “Tesla’s Electric Motor Shift to Spur Demand for Rare Earth Neodymium.” Reuters. Accessed April 7, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-metals-autos-neodymium-analysis/teslas-electric-motor-shift-to-spur-demand-for-rare-earth-neodymium-idUSKCN1GO28I.

Tailings are most commonly stored in isolated impoundment areas called tailing ponds. These ponds require complex management, especially if the tailings contain high concentrations of uranium or thorium. Poor construction or catastrophic failure can lead to long-term and widespread environmental damage and contamination of surface or groundwater (Filho 2016).

REE mine tailings contain processing chemicals, salts, and radioactive materials. Tailings are particularly problematic in REE mining, because of the significant waste-to-yield ration. (Filho 2016; Xiang 2016). For every ton of REEs that are produced, there are 2,000 tons of mine tailings, including 1 to 1.4 tons of radioactive waste (Filho 2016).

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It was not until the early 1960s with the widespread adoption of color television that a commercial use for rare earth elements was finally found (Mills 2019). Europium, a REE found in large quantities at Mountain Pass, was essential for producing the red phosphors used in early color television sets (Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d.). Since then, the number of applications for rare earth elements has continued to grow, and today several REEs (including dysprosium, neodymium, terbium, europium, and yttrium) are considered critical materials worldwide (Bauer et al., 2011).

A prime lens is a lens with a fixed focal length (also commonly referred to as a “fixed lens”). What this means is that such a lens has a set angle of view that can not be changed. The only way of enlarging your subject and making it fill more of the frame is by physically getting closer to it. In turn, the only way to fit more into the frame is to step back.

So what’s the really reason? If we analize then we will find out that all the decisive point is lying on the maximum aperture of the lens but not because of whether it is a prime ou zoom. We all know the nikon 58mm f0. 95 noct costs 9000 dollars and it’s a standard prime and it’s much more expensive than the nikon 2470f2.8 zoom!

What impact this might have on price is open to debate and will be further explored throughout this digest. Over the last decade, for example, despite increasing demand, prices have remained relatively stable because of cheap Chinese production (Bloomberg 2021).

An example of this is the tailing pond for the Bayan Obo mine in China. Villages in the surrounding area have experienced elevated rates of both cancer and respiratory illness, indicating that the tailings are not being properly stored (Xiang 2016). While many of these issues exist for other types of mining, they are particularly problematic for REEs, because of the large volume and radioactivity of tailings.

If insufficient demand for these other elements emerges, it could significantly increase the long-term cost of critical elements such as neodymium and dysprosium. For emerging and sustainable energy solutions to effectively utilize rare earth elements, a higher premium for these materials will likely be necessary.

Alloys of neodymium (Nd) and samarium (Sm) are strong magnets that can withstand relatively high temperatures, making them ideal for a wide variety of electronics and defense applications. The strongest known magnet is an alloy of neodymium with iron (Fe) and boron (B), abbreviated NdFeB. Other REEs such as dysprosium (Dy) and praseodymium (Pr) can be added to NdFeB to change the performance properties of these magnets (Constantinides 2012).

Rare earthelements periodic table

Toyota. 2018. “Toyota Develops New Magnet for Electric Motors Aiming to Reduce Use of Critical Rare-Earth Element by up to 50%.” Accessed April 7, 2021, https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/21139684.html.

Garcia, Cardiff and Stacey Vanek Smith. 2020. The Strategic Value of Rare Earths.” National Public Radio. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.npr.org/transcripts/949590270.

This is sometimes also true with cheaper zoom lenses that go very wide, which sometimes are weaker at their widest focal length.

On many consumer zoom lenses, you will often see something like f/3.5-5.6, which represents the maximum aperture of the lens at different focal lengths. For example, a lens like Nikon 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 will have a maximum aperture of f/3.5 at the shortest focal length of 18mm, while at the longest range of 55mm, its aperture will be limited to f/5.6.

In some studies, iron ore tailings have been found to have relatively high REE concentrations (Peelman 2018). Coal and coal ash, which can contain 68 to 404 ppm rare earth elements, has a similar REE content to clays that are already mined in China (Cook 2016).

Some of the modern pro-grade lenses offer image quality that matches or even surpasses primes lenses in the same focal range. Despite all this, prime lenses haven’t really lost their desirability. Sony, Nikon, and Canon have been rapidly updating and expanding their lens arsenal with new and better choices. Third-party manufacturers like Sigma and Tamron are stepping into the game with confidence.

Another option is to further develop and encourage the use of motors and generator technologies that do not utilize permanent magnets. Gearbox wind turbines featuring induction generators use almost no REEs. The main drawback of this design is the need for mechanical gearboxes to speed up the relatively slow rotations of the turbine rotor. These gearboxes wear out over time and require regular maintenance. Electric vehicle motors can also be made using induction designs that require little or no REEs, albeit with lower efficiencies.

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Rhodes, Chris. 2011. “Rare Earth Elements and Thorium Power.” Forbes. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/energysource/2011/03/28/rare-earth-elements-and-thorium-power/?sh=3d60a6952d76.

International Energy Agency. 2010. Energy Technology Perspectives 2010. IEA. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2010.

Bauer, Diana, D. Diamond, J. Li, M. McKittrick, D. Sandalow, and P. Telleen. 2011. “Critical Material Strategy.” U.S. Department of Energy. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/DOE_CMS2011_FINAL_Full.pdf.

As we look to the future of clean energy and the role of rare earth elements in decarbonization, we are faced with a difficult tradeoff. REEs such as dysprosium and neodymium offer an effective way to improve the efficiency and performance of crucial clean energy technologies. However, the production of these elements is environmentally and economically costly.

Hi, I am planning to buy Nikon D5600. I prefer to click candid shots. It can be person, landscape or traffic, I shoot birds rarely. Monuments are of utmost interest to me to tell history. May I know what lenses should I buy.

Hudson, T., F. Fox, and G. Plumlee. 1999. “Metal Mining and the Environment.” American Geosciences Institute. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/what-are-regulations-mining-activities.

Constantinides, Steve. 2012. “The Demand for Rare Earth Materials in Permanent Magnets.” Arnold Magnetic Technologies Corporation. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.arnoldmagnetics.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Demand-for-rare-earth-materials-in-permanent-magnets-Constantinides-COM-2012-psn-hi-res.pdf.

I prefer various focal points so I would use a zoom lens. I am a beginner at using my canon EOS system and taken a few pictures. I never really paid that much attention to the lens as long as the picture was a great shot. But reading up on the lens, I like the zoom over the prime.

One pathway to demand reduction is to increase the efficiency of REE use within existing magnet designs. Through innovations in material composition and the production processes, some manufacturers have been able to synthesize magnets with similar strengths to current REE magnets, but with much lower concentrations of REEs (Toyota 2018). Permanent magnets can also be made entirely without REEs, but these designs typically exhibit additional drawbacks (Widmer 2015).

Historically, REEs have primarily been utilized in industrial processes for their catalytic properties. They are essential to the petrochemical industry in breaking down large molecules into smaller hydrocarbons suitable for use in fuels (Akah 2017). Recently, the demand for REEs has dramatically increased due to the permanent magneticity that is exhibited by their alloys (See Figure 1).

Surprisingly, many beginners often desire monstrous lenses like 70-200mm f/2.8 with image stabilization. True, these lenses are extremely sharp, have insanely fast autofocus motors and can survive plenty of abuse. However, they are also much more noticeable due to their sheer size, and their heavy weight can cause back and neck pain and even long-term injuries.

Furthermore, the rate of demand growth in Alonso et al. accelerates rapidly, as do projections of wind turbine and EV production out to 2050, indicating that this increase in industry demand is only the beginning of a pattern of accelerating growth that will likely last for decades (Larson et al., 2020).

There have since been calls for the World Trade Organization to prevent China from limiting REE exports. Meanwhile, China has begun to crack down on illegal mining within its borders and is rethinking its willingness to accept pollution and ecosystem destruction in exchange for economic gain (Standaert 2019).

On the contrary, the clean energy transition will require economic mobilization on a scale not seen since the industrial revolution, and will strain the global production of silicon, cobalt, lithium, manganese, and a host of other critical elements (Behr 2019).

Xiang, Huang, G. Zhang, A. Pan, F. Chen, and C. Zheng. 2016. “Protecting the Environment and Public Health from Rare Earth Mining.” Earth’s Future. Accessed April 7, 2021, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016EF000424.

If everything were in favor of prime lenses, no one would use zooms. Despite their extra weight and cost, they are extremely popular and can be very convenient to use. There are several areas where even the best fixed focal length lenses have no way to beat a good zoom. Below are the advantages offered by variable focal length lenses.

Ganguli, Ranjive and Douglas R. Cook. 2018. “Rare Earths: A Review of the Landscape.” MRS Energy & Sustainability. Accessed April 7, 2021, https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/4F699CE5A563C492E7E654FDA4D0D78E/S2329222918000077a.pdf/div-class-title-rare-earths-a-review-of-the-landscape-div.pdf.

Whyrare earthmetals are calledrare

Very informative as always. However, newcomers to this hobby would not be prepared to spend lots of money of Canon L lens if they have little knowledge of how to use their gear competently so it would make more common sense to not just show expensive lens like the the two you used to entice us to open your post!

Jowitt, Simon, T. Werner, Z. Weng, and G. Mudd. 2018. “Recycling of the Rare Earth Elements.” Green and Sustainable Chemistry. Accessed April 7, 2021, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323502917_Recycling_of_the_Rare_Earth_Elements.

A single zoom lens can replace two or three prime lenses. This also means that you only need to worry about moving around with a single attached lens. A single zoom lens might save you from carrying a large backpack. In a way, certain zoom lenses allow you to reduce weight, because you don’t need to bring several primes to cover the whole range. Less lens swapping also means cleaner sensor and optical elements.

I started years ago and used kit lens until I learned from experts like yourself what to do. Competent I am now ( in the wise words of Yoda…), I understand that it is the person behind the camera and not expensive L lens which get the job done. Nevertheless, if you have the money falling from a tree… Three I have.

Larson E. Larson, C. Greig, J. Jenkins, E. Mayfield, A. Pascale, C. Zhang, J. Drossman, R. Williams, S. Pacala, R. Socolow, EJ Baik, R. Birdsey, R. Duke, R. Jones, B. Haley, E. Leslie, K. Paustian, and A. Swan. 2020. “Net-Zero America: Potential Pathways, Infrastructure, and Impacts, interim report” Princeton University. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://netzeroamerica.princeton.edu/img/Princeton_NZA_Interim_Report_15_Dec_2020_FINAL.pdf.

Feb 6, 2021 — Nosepiece holds the objective lenses and is sometimes called a revolving turret. You choose the objective lens by rotating to the specific lens ...

Let’s talk some true fact: the wieight of one 24-70 f2. 8 zoom is much more lighter than the total weight of the 24mm, 35mm, 50mm and 70mm when take them all to caver the same focal length, and the price of these four primes, say not so fast just take f1.8 will overpass the price of 2470f2.8. Therefore it’s not always true that zoom lens is much more expensive nor weighs much more than the primes for the same range of focal length.

A zoom lens, on the other hand, has a variable focal length. By turning the zoom ring, you move optical elements inside the lens to achieve a different angle of view. This means that you can make objects appear larger by turning the zoom ring in one direction, or fit more objects into the frame by turning it in the opposite direction.

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Image stabilization is not just limited to zoom lenses. Some of the newer fixed focal length lenses also boast image stabilizer technologies, such as the newly announced Canon 35mm f/2 IS.

Thanks to this, choosing between a zoom and a prime lens is now harder than ever. In this beginner guide, I talk about prime versus zoom lenses in detail, explaining their differences, along with some image samples.

First of all ,I do events photography the lens that I used most is a zoom 28-200 , plus a powerful on camera flash.Todays camera flash has e-TTL, this way you always get the correct exposure. Even if you used a prime lens , you always cannot control the source of light , so some shot taken taken even with the best primes , is over exposed or under exposed. What Im saying is that even with the most expensive prime lens, or the most expensive equipment, its the skill of the photographer that really matters.

One of the most powerful and efficient tools for regulating environmentally risky and large-scale industry operations is the application of a pollution pricing scheme, or tax. In recent policy discussions, this policy tool is commonly discussed in the context of carbon emissions, but a similar scheme could be applied to mine tailing and wastewater from REE mining operations.

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Binnemans, Koen, P.Jones, B. Blanpain, T. Gerven, Y. Yang, A. Walton, and M. Buchert. 2013. “Recycling of Rare Earths: A Critical Review.” Journal of Cleaner Production. Accessed April 7, 2021, https://solvomet.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JCLEPRO_Binnemans_REE_Recycling_May2013.pdf.

King, Hobart. n.d. “REE – Rare Earth Elements and their Uses.” Geology.com. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://geology.com/articles/rare-earth-elements/.

Under this scenario the study projects that by 2035 global demand for REEs will reach close to 450,000 tons per year, compared to approximately 200,000 tons per year today (USGS 2021). This represents more than a doubling in the size of the industry in just 15 years, which is again overly conservative according to present day decarbonization targets.

Rare earthminerals

A final method for reducing demand for REEs in wind power and EV markets would be to reuse and recycle existing rare earth magnets. Unfortunately, the infrastructure and systems needed to achieve REE reprocessing are severely underdeveloped. REE reuse and recycling is limited by inefficient and costly collection, global shipping constraints, low REE concentration in most products, and long lifetimes of products (Filho 2016). Figure 3 demonstrates the lifecycle of REEs, including existing recycling methods.

Boyd, John. 2020. “U.S. and Japan Seeking to Break China’s Grip on Rare Earths Production.” IEEE Spectrum. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/semiconductors/materials/us-and-japan-seeking-to-break-chinas-grip-on-rare-earths.

Similarly, motors containing REE permanent magnets have recently become the standard choice for electric vehicles due to their high efficiencies. With the growing need to forgo fossil fuels, the demand for REEs from the wind and electric vehicle industries is projected to increase in the near future (Alonso et al., 2012).

By coupling technology adoption incentives with demand management policies and environmental regulations, policymakers can optimize the speed and sustainability of the transition to clean energy by addressing these competing environmental priorities upfront.

Many photographers believe that being forced to “zoom” in or out using the old-fashioned way, by walking, is a good way of learning composition and finding better angles. It also supposedly helps one get used to a lens better and use it to its full potential.

Though I’m not a professional photographer but still I would like to discuss some issues about prime and zoom lenses which may not exactly like you told us here.

If demand for REEs continues to grow as expected, the pressure on nations to increase domestic production at the expense of the environment will increase. For example, there is growing interest in expanding U.S. production of REEs beyond Mountain Pass (Garcia and Smith 2020).

U.S. Geological Survey. 2021. “Mineral Commodities Summaries 2021.” U.S. Geological Survey. Accessed May 6, 2021: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021.pdf

Despite their global importance, the production or REEs has become increasingly concentrated in China over recent years. Not only does this present a geopolitical and economic risk to most of the developed world, but it is also indicative of possible future supply constraints which could interrupt progress toward a decarbonized future.

The most obvious reason for buying zoom lenses is their versatility. Zoom lenses can be great when a photographer needs to be sure he can handle a variety of different situations: you can go from wide-angle to telephoto in a quick turn of the zoom ring without the need to physically move. Landscape and wildlife photographers, for example, are often limited to a particular spot or area, so being able to zoom to an area of interest can be invaluable for properly framing a shot.

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It is, therefore, uncertain how the global market will respond to the excess supply and lower prices of REEs not used for magnet production, since uses for many other REEs are still limited. Because production of these minerals is almost always complementary, market demand for each element is important to consider in investment and operational decision-making.

By the way all the professional mainly using fast primes for taking high quality images not for cheaper price, since fast primes have bigger aperture therefore not onlyelp in dim light situations but also provide shallower depth of filed and sharp image across the frame. Normally lenses with focal length less than 100 mm in most cases may weigh less than the zoom in the same focal length range, but those of 100mm up mostly are not so light than a zoom.

Hanejko, Fran. 2020. “Induction vs. Permanent Magnet Motor Efficiency: Auto Electrification.” Horizon Technologies. Accessed April 6, 2021,https://www.horizontechnology.biz/blog/induction-vs-permanent-magnet-motor-efficiency-auto-electrification.

How manyrare earthelements are there

Benjamin Paren is an alumni research fellow at the Kleinman Center and a postdoctoral research associate in the Research Laboratory of Electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Retired wind turbines and EV motors are a source of recyclable REEs, since their magnets are relatively large and can be recovered without too much difficulty. In some cases, large magnets can simply be reused and do not need to undergo the recycling process (Binnemans 2013). However, clean energy applications of REEs face another roadblock to scalable recycling: insufficient stock material.

By 2002, Mountain Pass mine was defunct, and by 2010 China had cornered 95% of global REE production by providing the cheapest material (King, n.d.). The development of this sector in China subsequently revealed the serious environmental costs of large-scale REE production and significantly altered the global supply chain (Ives 2013).

Mills, Rick. 2019. “How the U.S. Lost the Plot on Rare Earths.” Mining.com. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.mining.com/web/us-lost-plot-rare-earths/.

In addition to tax incentives, permit streamlining, and carbon pricing for wind energy and electric vehicles, a sustainable suite of REE policies would include increased environmental regulations for mining. These regulations would in turn control the supply of REEs and consequently promote innovation in magnets using underutilized REEs or smaller quantities of REEs altogether.

Thus, with prime lenses, photographers on a budget have the chance to experience world-class optics at a fraction of a cost of those expensive variable focal length lenses, and there is no need to make compromises with cheap, lower quality zoom lenses all the time.

buy the canon 100 to 400 usm f4.4 / 5.6 you wont be dissapointed ,I have been using one for 6 years now on wildlife coupled with a canon 7d and just love it

On the other hand, most professional-level zoom lenses will have a single maximum aperture throughout the zoom range. Here are some very popular zoom lenses for different camera mounts:

U.S. Department of Energy. 2019. “Advanced Wind Turbine Drivetrain Trends and Opportunities.” Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/advanced-wind-turbine-drivetrain-trends-and-opportunities.

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In this digest, we explore how and why this consolidation of the REE market occurred, and what the tradeoffs are of increased global production.  We also discuss several policies to ensure that future production of REEs does not slow the adoption of clean energy technology.

Agreed. After getting bit more into photography, I am not happy about the kit len, specially it can’t go below f4 most of time, replacing it with a fast ones cost so much but adding a couple fast primes (like 24mm f2.8 and 50mm f1.8) with only a couple hundred dollars offer so much more for walk around shootings and more chances for creativity.

Lastly, do keep in mind that image stabilization can be present on lenses or camera bodies. Most mirrorless cameras and Pentax DSLRs have in-body image stabilization (IBIS), although for longer focal lengths, lens stabilization is still superior.

The history and present state of the REE supply chain exhibits the important role these materials already play in the world economy. Projections of a sharp increase in demand over the coming decades raise several questions about the future environmental impacts and supply risks to this industry.  A 2012 MIT study by Alonso et al. thoroughly explores this question of future supply, and projects total global demand out to 2035 under five divergent scenarios.

Akah, Aaron. 2017. “Application of Rare Earths in Fluid Catalytic Cracking—A Review.” Journal of Rare Earths 35, no. 10. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1002072117609980.

Climate change is presenting humans with an unprecedented challenge: the need to wean ourselves off of a group of valuable natural resources; not because of scarcity or cost, but because of their long-term global pollution impacts. Although the combined capabilities of wind, solar, hydropower, and geothermal technologies have the potential to harness near limitless amounts of energy from our environment, they are not free from the limitations of resource availability.

The mining of rare earth elements for industrial use is a relatively modern undertaking. The first REE mine was Mountain Pass, located in California’s Mojave Desert (Green 2019). The mine opened in 1952 to supply uranium for military and research purposes, and methods for isolating and removing rare earth elements were developed to secure a pure supply of uranium. Today, similar methods are used to remove uranium and thorium during REE production.

First of all I would like to thank you for the great information you gave, it’s very helpful for people how to select their lenses suitable for their needs.

Behr, Peter. 2019. “100% Renewable Grid Could Cost Trillions— Study” E&E News. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.eenews.net/energywire/2019/07/01/stories/1060678667.

Rare earthelements list

Nasim Mansurov is the author and founder of Photography Life, based out of Denver, Colorado. He is recognized as one of the leading educators in the photography industry, conducting workshops, producing educational videos and frequently writing content for Photography Life. You can follow him on Instagram and Facebook. Read more about Nasim here.

A fast prime lens will allow you to shoot subjects in low light environments without introducing blur, thanks to a larger / wider aperture. Due to typically simpler optical designs, prime lenses can easily “open” up to f/2 or even f/1.2.

Alonso, Elisa, A. Sherman, T. Wallington, M. Everson, F. Field, R. Roth, and R. Kirchain. 2012. “Evaluating Rare Earth Element Availability: A Case with Revolutionary Demand from Clean Technologies.” Environmental Science and Technology 46, no. 6. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es203518d.

Institute for Rare Earths and Strategic Metals. “Rare Earths/Rare Earth Elements/REE.” Accessed April 6, 2021, https://en.institut-seltene-erden.de/rare-earths-and-metals/rare-earth/.

REEs are typically co-located in small concentrations, so global mine operations may need to produce a significant excess of many lesser-used elements to produce sufficient Dy. This effort to match production of elements to their relative demand is called mine yield balancing and promises to be a growing challenge in the REE industry. Industrial use of REEs is a relatively recent economic development and uses for these elements developed to accommodate their natural abundance and take advantage of low market prices.

Other significant sources of pollution include aerosols and fugitive dust from tailing impoundments, which are created from cutting, drilling, and blasting rock. This pollution can accumulate in surrounding areas (Filho 2016), causing respiratory issues and also contaminating food sources—as plants absorb the airborne pollutants.

One of these scenarios uses the IEA Blue Map scenario to estimate future wind and automotive electrification (IEA 2010). This model only seeks to reduce global carbon emissions by 50% by 2050. Given our understanding of climate sensitivities in 2021, these projections should be considered far too limited to reach global emissions targets. They provide us with a conservative estimate of demand for the purpose of this analysis (IPCC 2018).

Siemens Gamesa. n.d. “SG 8.0-167 DD Offshore Wind Turbine.” Accessed April 7, 2021, https://www.siemensgamesa.com/en-int/products-and-services/offshore/wind-turbine-sg-8-0-167-dd.

Efficient and effective policies should tax mine waste according to the environmental and community vulnerability and value within the potentially impacted region.  Imposing strict pollution fees for key contaminants of mining operations could create a market incentive for resource producers to take additional steps to limit their pollution and provide a source of funding for federal or regional regulatory efforts. Having geography-specific pricing also incentivizes mining to take place in areas of lower environmental and community risk.

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I partially agree with this and I can say that my 50mm prime has helped me in some regards, but in all honesty, such a restraint can be equally damaging to your learning process. I believe it is important to have at least one zoom lens if you are a prime shooter, and vice versa.

Bradsher, Keith and Edward Wong. 2010. “China’s Ban on Selling Rare Earth Minerals to Japan Continues.” The New York Times. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/11/business/global/11rare.html.

Standaert, Michael. 2019. “China Wrestles with the Toxic Aftermath of Rare Earth Mining.” Yale Environment 360. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://e360.yale.edu/features/china-wrestles-with-the-toxic-aftermath-of-rare-earth-mining.

While companies including Siemens Gamesa and Tesla are making a strong case for the added efficiency and performance of permanent magnets, minor efficiency and performance losses may be an acceptable trade-off for avoiding stiff competition over a globally limited resource (Siemens Gamesa, n.d.; Desai 2018). The case of rare earth elements suggests that the newest or objectively “best” technological solution may not always be the most practical or sustainable solution.

Recycled REEs can only ever make up a portion of demand equivalent to the total stock of REEs in currently available retired equipment. Recycling in industries such as wind power and electric vehicles, where demand is increasing exponentially and manufactured equipment is designed for a decade of use or more, are inherently limited in this way. Therefore, it will be decades before the stock of retiring magnets is sufficient to meet a considerable share of new demand.

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Because environmental externalities are, for the most part, not priced appropriately, technologies are typically only assessed according to their production cost and performance. By thinking ahead to the resource demands of the energy transition, one can recognize the value and importance of simple technologies with little dependence on scarce or difficult to secure resources, even if that sustainability comes with trade-offs to price or performance.

Wan-Yi “Amy” Chu is an assistant professor in Chemistry at Mills College in Oakland CA and a former postdoctoral researcher for the Goldberg Group at the University of Pennsylvania.

Generalist wildlife shooters also love zooms such as the new Nikon 180-600mm f/5.6-6.3, since it can capture a wide variety of subjects from large mammals to birds. Specialist wildlife photographers love primes like the 600mm f/4 because its speed, image quality, and fast aperture help a lot with smaller subjects like birds.

I think the key factor which decide the price, size and weight not because of it’s a prime or a zoom, but really depends on the maximum aperture which decides the optical quality and performance of a lens.

Failure to avoid an increase in environmental impacts from larger-scale production would jeopardize the sustainability of renewable energy technologies utilizing REEs and could partially offset their emissions benefits. This would in many ways undermine the goals of decarbonization and would further stress ecosystems and communities that have already been affected by climate change.

Thus before buying a lens, it might be worth checking out our lens reviews, although most modern lenses are indeed sufficiently sharp.

Prime lenses have a single specified focal length, like 50mm. They come in all kinds sizes and focal lengths, from fisheye to super-telephoto. Here are some of the most popular prime lenses for different camera mounts:

Very good article. I have gone the zoom route for the incredible versatility. Many many situations do not allow to zoom with your feet. I have bought 3 zooms and all are top quality zooms from 10 to 400mm. I do have 2 primes, a fisheye and a 100mm f2.8 L macro. For me this works great but I believe everyone should make their own choice. Again a good article. Thank you.

Beginner photographers are often faced with a choice between buying a fixed focal length lens or a zoom lens. As you can see from this article, both have their advantages and disadvantages, so choosing between the two can be quite difficult indeed.

Those fast primes, say those telephotos which have focal length more than 100 mm normally are much more expensive than the zooms of the same focal length range. You see one 100mm f2and one 200mm f2 ou f4 are not cheaper than a 70-200mm zoom: Sony 100-400 mm zoom is cheaper than Sony 400mm prime and Sony 200-600mm zoom also is cheaper than one 60mm prime!

In order to assure that the transition to carbon-free energy minimizes environmental costs and promotes global sustainability, policy support for clean energy solutions should be coupled with streamlined environmental regulation and sustainability incentives. Fundamentally, all human development carries environmental impacts.

We note that elements such as lithium and cobalt are frequently referred to as “rare earth metals” due to their relative scarcity, but do not belong to this chemical classification and are not the subject of this digest (Motavalli 2010). The long-term sustainability of lithium and cobalt mining is itself a significant economic and political challenge of the energy transition, but is beyond the scope of this research.

Many beginner photographers often wonder why they do not seem to be able to get beautifully separated subjects when using their kit zoom lenses. Due to the small maximum aperture and lower quality lens optics, it is often impossible to get good-looking, “creamy” backgrounds with consumer zoom lenses.

I am a beginner and i own a canon 750d with 18-55 lens. Thinking it is inadequate, i have a plan to buy a zoom lens. Have two options, both used lens 1. Canon 55-250 2.Canon 75-300 f/4-5. 6 Please help me choose one. And also is it advisable to buy a used lens?

Direct drive wind turbines currently make up a small fraction of the total wind energy capacity in the United States. However, their high efficiency and relatively low maintenance requirements compared to other turbine technologies have put direct drive wind turbines in consideration for large-scale offshore wind installations.

Over the past decade, nations have been reckoning with the outsized power that China has on the global supply chain of REEs. Following a Chinese embargo on sales of REEs to Japan in 2010, countries around the world were finally alerted to the economic risks inherent in having a foreign power control the supply and distribution of these critical materials (Bradsher and Wong 2010).

Rare earth elements are widely distributed throughout the earth’s crust, but generally in low concentrations. The concentration of individual REEs depends on the type of mineral deposit being mined, and REEs are often found alongside radioactive elements such as thorium and uranium (Rhodes 2011). Production is thus geographically limited to certain REE-rich mineral deposits and often requires the separation and safe disposal of dangerous waste material.

Most comments from from subjective consumerist mentality. Some are thoughtful, logical and correct. Just clickbait anyway and technically makes little sense and of course the grammar ‘ gotten ‘ etc. ( a meaningless contradictory term ) It is of course American, not English

IPCC. 2018. Summary for Policymakers—Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5°C. IPCC. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/spm/.

Global prices have remained relatively affordable in recent years only because of China’s lax environmental regulations and illegal mining operations. But China is now reckoning with the true costs of toxic, acidic, and radioactive run-off and leaching.

As technology advances and demand for clean energy solutions intensifies, overall production of REEs will have to scale to accommodate growing demand for only a small handful of elements needed for magnets—specifically neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy). Whereas Alonso et al. predicts that 2035 demand for yttrium (Y) and terbium (Tb) will only be approximately 250% of 2010 supply, 2035 demand for Dy will be over 2500% the supply of Dy in 2010.

Filho, Walter. 2016. “Chapter 17: An Analysis of the Environmental Impacts of the Exploitation of Rare Earth Materials.” Rare Earths Industry. Elsevier Inc. Accessed April 7, 2021, https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/B9780128023280000176?token=A3FA7CD540E2219F8565ABE4F8FFB625CBBFC6CD4B335DCF85C020F4A6A6C37DE18DFC410761193E3B12A33F37FCEFE0&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20210407161907.

Peelman, S., D. Kooijman, J. Sietsman, and Y. Yang. 2018. “Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Mine Tailings and WEEE.” Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. Accessed April 7, 2021, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40831-018-0178-0.pdf.

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Rare earthelements uses

Modern zoom lenses often offer 3-4 stop image stabilization systems, be it Canon’s Image Stabilization (IS), Nikon’s Vibration Reduction (VR), Sigma’s Optical Stabilization (OS) or Tamron’s Vibration Compensation (VC). Even if you have an f/4 lens you can still get sharp images when shooting non-moving subjects in dark environments. Thanks to the image stabilization technology, your lens will make some of its internal optical elements move and shift to counter camera shake, which lets you use extremely slow shutter speeds.

In recent years, zoom lenses have been taking over the hearts of many working professional photographers as the more obvious, versatile choice. With the latest image sensors producing amazing quality, even at extremely high ISOs, it makes sense why more people have been leaning towards the convenience of zoom lenses. Zoom lenses have also gotten impressively sharp – most, even some cheap kit lenses, are sharp enough for day-to-day needs and also boast effective image stabilization systems.

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Vella, Heidi. 2020. “Australia and the U.S.: A Rare, Rare-Earth Partnership.” Mining Technology. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.mining-technology.com/features/australia-and-the-us-a-rare-rare-earth-partnership/.

And some lenses like true macro lenses are only available as primes! So, whether you get a prime or a zoom depends on your application. Although zooms produce amazing images and are versatile, there’s simply no substitute for owning a high-quality fast prime!

Zoom lenses have two specifications that represent the two extremes of the zoom range, like 70-200mm. Such a lens may act as a 70mm focal length lens, a 200mm focal length lens and everything in-between. In addition, zoom lenses could also have variable aperture ranges.

It takes time to realize which gear suits your style of shooting better. Some people end up with a single “do it all” superzoom lens, while others swear by their prime lenses and refuse to ever touch a zoom lens. As you learn how to use your gear overtime and start ironing out your photography skills, it really does not matter what you pick, as long as it does not stop your creativity.

Regional ecosystems can be significantly altered by the presence of mines, both physically and chemically. Site preparation, access roads, and ancillary facilities lead to direct—and often absolute— destruction of the proximate environment, while pollution from mine processes and storage of residual tailings can lead to widespread chemical imbalances and toxic contamination (Filho 2016; Xiang 2016; Ganguli 2018).

There are several innovative methods mine operators can use to reduce their environmental and community impacts. One possibility is to utilize reserves of unconventional deposits of REE. This includes deep ocean deposits, or waste streams from slag or iron ore tailings (Filho 2016; Xiang 2016; Cook 2016; Peelman 2018).

Even with new trade partnerships emerging, and modest growth in REE production in the U.S., Australia, and Brazil, the future of the international REE market remains highly uncertain (Vella 2020; Boyd 2020). Environmental risks, regulatory costs, and low-density deposits still prevent most countries from competing directly with China.

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Lastly, there has been some work examining the possibility of recovering thorium from REE waste. This could not only eliminate some of the radioactive waste from REE mining but could also offset costs if a reliable market for thorium emerges as part of the energy transition. This is a possible technical solution that deserves further exploration by researchers in chemistry and chemical engineering.

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Now that you’ve seen the advantages of each type of lens, which kind should you get? It all depends! If you’re going after very shallow depth of field, a prime lens would be ideal. That’s especially true on smaller sensor cameras such as micro four thirds cameras, where depth of field is not as shallow as with full-frame cameras at the same apertures, assuming that the focal length and field of view are the same.

In the case of rare earth elements, policies intended to encourage the production and sale of wind turbines and electric vehicles should be designed in a way that encourages continued innovation in sustainable motor designs and REE recycling. These policies should also be coupled with environmental regulations and incentives to ensure REEs are secured in a sustainable and relatively benign way.

One group of natural resources that may prove essential for the next generation of electric motors and turbines are the rare earth elements (REEs)—17 elements consisting of scandium, yttrium, and the 15 lanthanides (Institute of Rare Earths and Strategic Metals, n.d.).

Editorial Board. 2021. “How to Ease China’s Hold on Rare Earths” Bloomberg Opinion. Accessed April 6, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-03-25/how-u-s-should-ease-china-s-rare-earth-dominance.