Real surface indicates the surface constituted from measurement data in the XY plane direction. Generally, the height data is the subject of processing.

Roughness surfaceformula

A region that is in contact with the boundary of the definition area at the material height c is called an "open area," while a region that is not is called a "closed area." Height c is given in areal material ratio and the default value is 50%.

Reference surface is the base for the scale-limited surface, and represents the plane at the mean height of the evaluation area as per the ISO 25178 Surface Texture function.

Roughness surfacetexture

The watershed algorithm is employed to partition regions, which are used in the calculation of feature parameters. Water is poured into the surface landscape, and it runs along the surface shape and reaches the pit. Upon continuing to pour water, the water surfaces of water filling different pits make contact with each other. The set of these contact points is the ridge line that partitions the dale region. The same approach can be applied to the hill region by vertically inverting the process.

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Surface roughnessRa

Surface roughnesschart

Peaks and pits merely need to be higher or lower that other points in their respective neighborhoods. For this reason, a surface with fine asperity can have a vast number of peaks and pits. Applying the watershed algorithm to such surfaces can result in meticulous segmentation into minute hill and dale regions. In order to suppress this over-segmentation, the Wolf pruning method is used to remove regions below a certain height/depth threshold. The threshold is provided as a percentage of the maximum height (Sz) of the surface. The default value is 5%.

Roughness surfacevssurface

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Looking to do some bird or nature watching? You'll want to have a modest amount 7x or 8x. Higher magnification might be nice, but you'll have a smaller field of view. Of course, large objective lenses will give you a bright, high resolution image. Depending on the type of outdoor excursions you like taking also consider getting water-, fog-, and/or impact-proof binoculars. Zoom binoculars could be useful for travel and outdoors viewing as well.

Scale-limited surface means either the S-F surface or the S-L surface. It is the equivalent of the roughness profile or waviness profile in the profile method.