Kohärenzgefühl

Light that has been polarized is useful because it enables the user to be selective over what part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used (whether for photography, night-vision, coloured lighting or analytical measurement). Of course, this filtering of light can offer the user a finer level of detail for their application, similarly to a sharp knife or a small paint brush.

For waves with their electric fields perpendicular to the wires, the electrons cannot move far across the wires (remember, the diameter of the wires are much smaller than the wavelength of light). So the perpendicular light passes through un-blocked (save for very small amounts).

Specac provide a range of infrared wire grid polarizers for use in analytical testing across the mid-and-far-infrared spectrum of light. Some of these are compatible with our spectrometer accessories, allowing the user to mount a polarizing filter directly into an accessory or sample cell, further refining their analysis.

KohärenzPsychologie

Laser sind heute aus Wissenschaft, Technik und täglichem Leben nicht mehr wegzudenken. Sie bilden auch eine wesentliche experimentelle Basis für die moderne Atom- und Molekülphysik und natürlich für die optische Physik. Es gibt dazu eine Fülle von Literatur, deren Aufzählung viel Platz beanspruchen würde. Beispielhaft sei hier nur Siegman (1986) als umfangreicher Klassiker genannt (letzte Druckfehlerkorrektur März 2009, Homepage des Autors ), sowie eine etwas spezialisiertere Monographie jüngeren Datums (Hodgson und Weber, 2005) als Einstieg für vertieftes Studium. In diesem Abschnitt wollen wir lediglich einige wenige Grundbegriffe und Definitionen einführen, von denen in diesem Lehrbuch an anderer Stelle Gebrauch gemacht wird.

Hankin, S. M., D. M. Villeneuve, P. B. Corkum und D. M. Rayner: 2001, ‘Intense-field laser ionization rates in atoms and molecules’. Phys. Rev. A 6401, 013405.

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Wire Grid Polarizers are included in the Specac polarizer product range. It consists of an array of fine parallel conductive wires placed perpendicular to the incident beam, with the spacing of the wires being smaller than the wavelength of the light being filtered.

ZeitlicheKohärenz

Optogama offers high-performance image conversion infrared (IR) viewers based on high-grade image converter. They are designed for observing both direct and ...

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Shchatsinin, I., et al.: 2006, ‘C60 in intense short pulse laser fields down to 9 fs: excitation on time scales below e-e and e-phonon coupling’. J. Chem. Phys. 125, 194320.

Hertel, I. V., I. Shchatsinin, T. Laarmann, N. Zhavoronkov, H.-H. Ritze und C. P. Schulz: 2009, ‘Fragmentation and ionization dynamics of C60 in elliptically polarized femtosecond laser fields’. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 023003.

Some light waves will be parallel to these wires and those electrons will move along the wires instead of passing through to the other side of the filter. Any electrons that are not angled at the same plane as the wires (perpendicular) do not collide and are therefore free to move to the other side.

Lasercoherent light

Gordon, J. P., H. J. Zeiger und C. H. Townes: 1955, ‘Maser - New type of microwave amplifier, frequency standard, and spectrometer’. Phys. Rev. 99, 1264–1274.

Hertel, I.V., Schulz, CP. (2010). Laser, Licht und Kohärenz. In: Atome, Moleküle und optische Physik 2. Springer-Lehrbuch. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11973-6_3

EM radiation has an electric and magnetic field component which oscillates in phase perpendicular to each other and to the direction in which the radiation propagates. These two oscillating fields are often visualised as in the diagram above and are continually self-propagating.

Licht und Photonen spielen bei allen spektroskopischen Methoden eine zentrale Rolle. Wir haben ihre Verfügbarkeit und Manipulierbarkeit bislang stillschweigend vorausgesetzt und Licht implizite als ebene, elektromagnetische Wellen verstanden. Räumliche und zeitliche Abhängigkeiten spielten dabei eine untergeordnete Rolle. Diese Beschränkung wollen wir jetzt aufheben.

To learn more about what spectroscopy can do, check out #SpectroscopySolutions for more insights into the applications XRF and FTIR can fit.

Lindner, F., G. G. Paulus, H. Walther, A. Baltuska, E. Goulielmakis, M. Lezius und F. Krausz: 2004, ‘Gouy phase shift for few-cycle laser pulses’. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 113001.

RäumlicheKohärenz

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Steinmeyer, G.: 2010, ‘Interferometrische Bestimmung der Autokorrelationsfunktion eines sub 20 fs Laser Impulses’. Berlin: Max-Born-Institut

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Laser kohärenzwikipedia

Hänsch, T. W.: 2005, ‘Nobel lecture: Passion for precision’. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2005/hansch-lecture.html.

Javan, A., W. R. Bennett und D. R. Herriott: 1961, ‘Population inversion and continuous optical maser oscillation in a gas discharge containing a He-Ne mixture’. Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 106–110.

What we generally refer to as “light” is more correctly known as ‘electromagnetic radiation’ (often abbreviated as EM radiation). The the main characteristics of electromagnetic radiation are its frequency and wavelength (λ). We broadly classify frequency into types of EM radiation, such as radio waves, microwaves, terahertz, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. In this sequence, radio waves are radiation with the lowest frequency (and largest wavelength) and gamma rays have the highest frequency (and shortest wavelength).

Many interactions of light with matter depend on its polarization. For example, at a reflective interface, components of light whose polarizations are oriented perpendicular to the plane of incidence are reflected more strongly than those oriented parallel to it. At one angle of incidence in particular – Brewster’s Angle – the reflected ray is completely polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence.

Was istKohärenz

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In many spectroscopic and photonics applications, it is desirable to work with light that has been polarized in a particular direction. In this article we explore what polarization is, and how it may be obtained from an unpolarized light source.

Controlling reflections is an important application of polarizers. If the specific interactions with the surface are of interest, then the polarizer can be oriented parallel to select only the reflected rays; if the reflections are an unwanted source of measurement noise, the polarizer can be oriented to reduce them.

Schmidt, A., et al.: 2010, ‘Diode-pumped mode-locked Yb:LuScO3 single crystal laser with 74 fs pulse duration’. Opt. Lett. 35, 511–513.

The orientation of the electric field plane is known as the “polarization direction” (E). This can be broken down into three basic categories:

Shchatsinin, I., H.-H. Ritze, C. P. Schulz und I. V. Hertel: 2009, ‘Multiphoton excitation and ionization by elliptically polarized, intense short laser pulses: Recognizing multielectron dynamics and doorway states in C60 vs Xe’. Phys. Rev. A 79, 053414.