Take full control over your simulation by modifying material definitions, the governing Maxwell's equations, or boundary conditions directly within the software. This flexibility enables you to create a variety of user-defined materials, including metamaterials, with engineered properties, and gyromagnetic and chiral materials.

Standard lenses are popular as they are closest to the angle of view we humans see. These lenses have minimal distortion, which can be flattering to the subject. They tend to use large apertures and allow a lot of light to enter the lens which makes them fast in low light conditions. Large apertures (f/1.8 – f/1.4) also produce a pleasing out-of-focus effect to the background which concentrates the attention of the viewer on the subject. Standard lenses are the popular choice for a wide range of photography including portraiture, nature and low light situations where the photographer can not use a flash or is looking to capture the scene with available light.

The beam envelope method analyzes the slowly varying electric field envelope for optically large simulations without relying on approximations. It requires much fewer mesh elements to resolve each propagating wave when compared to traditional methods.

There are two types of lenses-prime and zoom. Prime lenses have a fixed focal length and zoom lenses have variable focal lengths.

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Flir is the worlds leader in thermal imaging infrared cameras. They specialize in the design, manufacturing, and marketing of thermal imaging cameras.

By combining with a mass transport simulation, you can compute realistic refractive index profiles with anisotropic diffusion coefficients and use the results in an electromagnetics analysis.

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In order to fully evaluate whether or not the COMSOL Multiphysics® software will meet your requirements, you need to contact us. By talking to one of our sales representatives, you will get personalized recommendations and fully documented examples to help you get the most out of your evaluation and guide you to choose the best license option to suit your needs.

Accurate scattering models of gold nanoparticles, for example, can be easily accomplished using a scattered field formulation. In this approach, the Wave Optics Module provides you with the choice of an incident plane wave, a Gaussian beam (both with and without the paraxial approximation), or a user-defined excitation and then solves for the scattered field induced by the chosen excitation. The simulation domain can approximate an infinite space by absorbing the outgoing radiation using perfectly matched layers (PMLs), which simultaneously absorb radiation for a range of frequencies and angles of incidence. Using a near-to-far field transformation, the far-field radiation of the scatterer can be analyzed.

Double Convex Lenses are made of BK7 or other materials, which are manufactured with an identical convex surface on both sides of the lens. Double Convex lenses ...

Telephoto lenses between 70 – 200mm are very popular lenses for portraiture and product photography as well as nature and wildlife imagery. They allow the photographer to produce close crops on the subject. In the case of portraiture a telephoto allows the photographer to take the photo at a distance that does not intrude upon the subject.

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These lenses provide a good range for wildlife and sports photography where the photographer is limited as to how close they can get to the subject.

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Wave Optics Class 12 PDF

Periodic structures are fundamental to many engineered electromagnetic structures being developed for applications such as polarimetric and subwavelength imaging and diffractive optics. In the Wave Optics Module, you can model these structures, including their high-order diffraction modes, with Floquet periodic conditions and varying diffraction orders. Using these features, you can accurately design elements for metasurfaces and other flat optics.

EE Diel · 2020 · 79 — Spherical aberration (SA) occurs when light rays entering at different points of a spherical lens are not focused to the same point of the ...

Electromagnetic wave modeling requires highly specialized boundary conditions, including the capability of modeling unbounded domains as well as periodic structures such as metamaterials. For example, modeling a periodic metamaterial requires periodic ports that can handle arbitrary angles of incidence and diffraction orders. For general modeling of waveguides and optical fibers, numerical mode-matched ports are required to properly feed waveguides with incoming light.

Focal length, usually represented in millimeters (mm), is the basic description of a photographic lens. It is not a measurement of the actual length of a lens, but a calculation of an optical distance from the point where light rays converge to form a sharp image of an object to the digital sensor or 35mm film at the focal plane in the camera. The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity.

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The Wave Optics Module can be combined with any other module to simulate multiphysics phenomena, all of which seamlessly integrate with the core COMSOL Multiphysics® software platform. This means that your modeling workflow remains the same, regardless of the application area or physics you are modeling.

Close-up photography uses a specific range of lenses that allow up to 1:1 reproduction. These lenses allow the photographer to focus very close to the subject and reproduce them at a 1:1 life-size ratio on film or an imaging sensor. These lenses are popular for subjects such as flowers, insects and small products.

The main advantages of prime lenses or fixed focal length lenses are their size and weight as well as their maximum aperture or f/stop. Prime lenses tend to be more compact and lightweight than zoom lenses.

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The workflow is straightforward and can in general be described by the following steps: create or import the geometry, select materials, select a suitable Wave Optics interface, define boundary and initial conditions, define the mesh, select a solver, and visualize the results. All of these steps are accessed from the COMSOL Multiphysics® environment. Meshing and solver settings are automatic with options for manual editing.

Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the magnification. The shorter the focal length, the wider the angle of view and the lower the magnification.

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Lyot Depolarizers used to transform polarized or partially polarized light into non-polarized light in the UV and IR range are available at Edmund Optics.

The Wave Optics Module, an add-on to the COMSOL Multiphysics® software platform, is used by engineers and scientists to understand, predict, and study electromagnetic wave propagation and resonance effects in optical applications. By analyzing electromagnetic field distributions, transmission and reflections coefficients, and power dissipation in a proposed design, simulation of this kind leads to more powerful and efficient products and engineering methods.

Jun 25, 2022 — Refractor telescopes use achromatic or apochromatic lenses to mitigate chromatic and spherical aberration. These lenses help reduce aberrations ...

Use materials from the built-in optical materials database or define your own. You can specify the relative permittivity or refractive index as well as include more advanced material properties such as Debye, Drude–Lorentz, and Sellmeier dispersion. Materials can be anisotropic as well as functionally graded.

The Wave Optics Module enables you to quickly and easily set up a model in 2D, 2D axisymmetric, and 3D domains. Both fundamental and advanced boundary conditions are included for your analyses.

Wave Optics Class 12

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In order to optimize designs for photonic devices, integrated optics, optical waveguides, couplers, fiber optics, and more, you need to account for real-world scenarios. The multiphysics modeling capabilities of the COMSOL Multiphysics® software help you study how other physics affect optical structures; for instance, stress-optical, electro-optical, and acousto-optical effects as well as electromagnetic heating.

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In addition to traditional numerical methods, the Wave Optics Module includes a specialized beam envelope method that can be used to simulate optically large devices with far fewer computational resources than conventional techniques. Applications include directional couplers, fiber Bragg gratings, lens systems, waveguides, external optical systems, fiber couplings, laser diode stacks, and laser beam delivery systems.

Prime lenses also tend to have a larger maximum aperture (f/1.4 to f/2.8). This is an advantage when shooting in low light conditions as it will increase the possibility of hand holding the camera and freezing the subject without shake or blur caused by the longer exposures. Photographing using prime lenses with large apertures also means you can get a shallow depth of field which is useful for portraiture where you might want a softer or blurred background (also known as bokeh).

You may want to examine the effects that mechanical deformation has on your device's performance, including stress-optical effects. Similarly, you can examine how heat transfer, thermal stress, and thermal dissipation affect a device.

Wide angle lenses are popular lenses for landscape photography, interiors, large group photos and when working in confined situations.

Additionally, you can simulate how various physical phenomena can be used for modulation purposes, such as acousto-optical, electro-optical, and magneto-optical effects.

The functionality of the Wave Optics Module covers simulation of electromagnetic fields and waves based on Maxwell’s equations together with material laws for propagation in various media. The modeling capabilities are accessed via built-in user interfaces, which allow you to analyze wave phenomena in optics and photonic devices.

The Wave Optics Module provides several features for simulating nonlinear optics in both the time and frequency domains. In the frequency domain, you can have field-dependent material properties for phenomena such as self-focusing, or you can couple multiple frequency-domain analyses together to model mixing between two or more waves at different frequencies like sum or difference frequency generation. By incorporating nonlinear polarization terms, this approach allows for nonlinear simulations using continuous wave (CW) lasers or other quasi-steady-state phenomena. There is similar flexibility in the time domain, where polarization or remnant electric displacement terms can be modified to enable more advanced modeling scenarios like ultrafast phenomena.

The results are presented using, for example, plots of electric and magnetic fields, reflectance, transmittance, diffraction efficiency, S-parameters, power flow, and dissipation. You can also create visualizations of nonstandard expressions in terms of physical quantities that you can define freely. This makes it possible to gain deeper insight by enabling examination of virtually every aspect of the results.