diffractiongrating中文

In the history of optics, Thomas Young revived the wave theory at the beginning of the 19th century with the addition of the principle of superposition. The French scientist Augustin Jean Fresnel proposed a mechanistic description of light on the basis of it. As a wave, however, light must have a medium for its propagation. At the end of the 19th century, experiments by Michelson and Morley detected that no motion of the ether relative to the earth.

In physics, light refers to the electromagnetic radiation of different kinds of wavelengths. These radiations may be visible to the naked eye or not. Thus, the gamma rays, microwaves,  X-rays, and radio waves are also the form of lights.

Fraunhoferdiffraction

Optics is the popular branch of physics which deals with the determination of behaviour and the properties of the light. It also considers the interactions with the matter and also with the instruments which we need to detect it. Thus, optics describes the behaviours of visible light, infrared light as well as the ultraviolet. According to science, Imaging is possible with the help of a system termed as an image forming optical system.

Solution: It is the study of facts like how light reflects off of the objects, or the energy of other forms of electromagnetic waves. This study of optics has many applications to the technology on earth.

Echellegrating

If we look again at the ray of light, may find another aspect of optics. The fringe property experiment shows that there is a very small central bright spot with rings surrounding it. We cannot explain these rings by the use of geometrical optics alone, and hence wave nature of light came into the picture. Physical optics is the study of the wave properties of light, which will be roughly grouped into three categories of interference, diffraction, and polarization.

When the beam of light strikes with water, then partially the light is reflected, and another part of the light is refracted. This phenomenon is popular as the Total internal reflection. Due to this effect many phenomena we may see in our daily life.

Two main related laws are there- law of reflection and law of refraction. One direct consequence of this ‘bending’ of light rays can be seen when an object half-submerged in a glass of water will appear to be bent. From these laws, we can determine the behaviour of optical devices like telescopes and microscopes.

This is the property of light, where the white light splits into its constituent seven colours. This phenomenon can be observed in the form of a prism.

Diffraction grating

It is one of the main properties of light. This process is nothing but what we see the images in the mirrors. Reflection can be defined as the change in direction of light at an interface in-between two different media, and then the wave-front returns into the same medium from which it was originated. For example, a reflection of light includes sound waves and water waves.

The lines on gratings are made by an extremely precise machine called a ruling engine, which uses a diamond-tipped tool to press thousands of very fine, shallow lines onto a highly polished surface. Newer techniques rule the lines photographically, using laser interferometry.

This is the rate at which the light travels in free space. It is different for a different kind of medium. It differs from one medium to other. The light travels with 30% slower speed in the water when compared to vacuum.

Actually, optics describes the behaviours and visibility of the matter with the help of light. We are using the light in the form of lasers for very delicate surgery. Also, we are able to watch a football match on TV through the use of fibre optic cables. We are able to bend the light through eyeglasses, microscopes, telescopes as well as the mirrors. This article will discuss the concept of optics in a systematic manner.

Blazedgrating

The Arab Muslim scholar Abu Ali al Hasan ibn al-Haytham was the famous scientist who was born in year 965 in the city of Basra in Southern Iraq. He gave the very early concepts of optics.

Diffraction gratingexperiment

Solution: By the beginning of the 17th century in the year 1604 Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer, published his book on optics. In this book he also postulated that an extended object could be regarded as a multitude of separate points, each point emitting rays of light.

Light is having always the fascination of humankind. Although we take phenomena like reflection, refraction etc as the natural phenomena. Still, people always try to look into these through the scientific aspects. There are many questions that are very interesting if we relate them with the concepts of optics. Some of such questions are-

Diffraction gratingformula

The bending of the light when it passes from one medium to other medium is termed as Refraction. This property of refraction is applicable in many devices like microscopes, magnifying lenses, corrective lenses etc. According to this property, with the transmission of the light through a medium, the polarization of electrons takes place. Further, it reduces the speed of light, thus changing the direction of light.

From our day to day experience with light, we know that light travels mostly in straight lines. During the earlier time, optics researchers used the geometry to model this view of light. The light was postulated to travel along with rays. These line segments which are straight in free space, but may change direction with the encounter of the matter.

A diffraction grating is able to disperse a beam of various wavelengths into a spectrum of associated lines because of the principle of diffraction: in any particular direction, only those waves of a given wavelength will be conserved, all the rest being destroyed because of interference with one another. Gratings give exceptionally high resolutions of spectral lines. The resolving power (R) of an optical instrument represents the ability to separate closely spaced lines in a spectrum and is equal to the wavelength λ divided by the smallest difference (Δλ) in two wavelengths that can be detected; i.e., R = λ/Δλ. Thus, for a grating 10 centimetres wide and ruled with 10,000 lines per centimetre, the resolution in the first diffraction order would be 100,000. For a wavelength emission in the ultraviolet, say λ = 300 nanometres (3 × 10-7 metre), a wavelength difference of Δλ = 3 × 10-12 metre (about 1/100 the diameter of an atom) should be theoretically possible.

Light is the form of energy, which exists in the form of an electromagnetic wave and is almost everywhere around us. The Sun is the primary source of light for all the plants to produce their energy.

The law of refraction was discovered by W. Snell in the year 1621. The phenomenon of diffraction was first time observed by both Francesco Maria Grimaldi and Robert Hooke by the years the mid-1600s. Isaac Newton gave great contributions to optics. Approximately, at the same time physicist, Christian Huygens proposed his powerful wave theory of light.

diffraction grating, component of optical devices consisting of a surface ruled with close, equidistant, and parallel lines for the purpose of resolving light into spectra. A grating is said to be a transmission or reflection grating according to whether it is transparent or mirrored—that is, whether it is ruled on glass or on a thin metal film deposited on a glass blank. Reflection gratings are further classified as plane or concave, the latter being a spherical surface ruled with lines that are the projection of equidistant and parallel lines on an imaginary plane surface. The advantage of a concave grating over a plane grating is its ability to produce sharp spectral lines without the aid of lenses or additional mirrors. This makes it useful in the infrared and ultraviolet regions in which these radiations would otherwise be absorbed upon passage through a lens.