Optical Power Meter Guide - laser light power meter

 2024-06-19 03:10:04

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An optical microscope is used with multiple objectives attached to a part called revolving nosepiece. Commonly, multiple combined objectives with a different magnification are attached to this revolving nosepiece so as to smoothly change magnification from low to high only by revolving the nosepiece. Consequently, a common combination lineup is comprised from among objectives of low magnification (5x, 10x), intermediate magnification (20x, 50x), and high magnification (100x). To obtain a high resolving power particularly at high magnification among these objectives, an immersion objective for observation with a dedicated liquid with a high refractive index such as immersion oil or water charged between the lens end and a specimen is available. Ultra low magnification (1.25x, 2.5x) and ultra high magnification (150x) objectives are also available for the special use.

In conclusion, collimation lenses enable light rays to travel in a parallel direction, preventing laser beams from dispersing in undesirable directions.

Shanghai Optics. "Understanding the Function and Applications of Collimating Lenses". AZoOptics. https://www.azooptics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2622. (accessed November 25, 2024).

Analysis applications – Collimating lenses are used to transmit and evaluate spectral data of transparent materials during manufacturing operations. The ability of the light to enter the sample at a divergent angle allows for stable and repeatable measurements.

When light travels through a reflecting object, it scatters into different angles. An optical collimator transforms a divergent beam of light into a parallel beam. A collimator also decreases the spatial cross-section of the light beam, making it smaller.

In the optical design of microscope objectives, commonly the larger is an N.A. and the higher is a magnification, the more difficult to correct the axial chromatic aberration of a secondary spectrum. In addition to axis chromatic aberration, various aberrations and sine condition must be sufficiently corrected and therefore the correction of the secondary spectrum is far more difficult to be implemented. As the result, a higher-magnification apochromatic objective requires more pieces of lenses for aberration correction. Some objectives consist of more than 15 pieces of lenses. To correct the secondary spectrum satisfactorily, it is effective to use "anomalous dispersion glass" with less chromatic dispersion up to the secondary spectrum for the powerful convex lens among constituting lenses. The typical material of this anomalous dispersion glass is fluorite (CaF2) and has been adopted for apochromatic objectives since a long time ago, irrespective of imperfection in workability. Recently, optical glass with a property very close to the anomalous dispersion of fluorite has been developed and is being used as the mainstream in place of fluorite.

Opticalmicroscope

Collimation optics is the process of aligning light beams in a parallel direction. An optical collimator is a device used to narrow parallel light beams.

Meanwhile, an objective lens for which the degree of chromatic aberration correction to the secondary spectrum (g ray) is set to medium between Achromat and Apochromat is known as Semiapochromat (or Flulorite).

Optical collimator systems consist of a tube with a convex lens on one end and a flexible aperture on the other. The convex lens reduces the beam divergence of any light that enters the aperture, allowing the light to leave the collimator in a parallel direction. Collimating lenses are employed in a variety of applications, including:

Leica objective

Photography or image pickup with a video camera has been common in microscopy and thus a clear, sharp image over the entire field of view is increasingly required. Consequently, Plan objective lenses corrected satisfactorily for field curvature aberration are being used as the mainstream. To correct for field curvature aberration, optical design is performed so that Petzval sum becomes 0. However, this aberration correction is more difficult especially for higher-magnification objectives. (This correction is difficult to be compatible with other aberration corrections) An objective lens in which such correction is made features in general powerful concave optical components in the front-end lens group and powerful concave ones in the back-end group.

A collimator generally consists of a collimator lens or a curved mirror with a light source as its focal point. To limit light dispersion, the collimating device’s focal length and light source size must be balanced.

Lumenmicroscope

Collimating lenses come in two main types: single and achromatic beam collimators. These devices are often crafted from materials such as lead, tin, tungsten, bismuth, molybdenum, and high-density plastic. The production of collimating lenses involves several key steps: molding, polishing, coating, assembling, and testing to ensure quality and performance.

Confocal microscopy

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Shanghai Optics manufactures a variety of collimating lenses. These lenses are made of high-quality materials and include a customized coating, making them perfect for high-power laser beams. Shanghai Optics also offers customized lenses that can meet the specific needs of its clients.

While some collimators operate in a fixed alignment, others require adjustment to change the distance between the collimation lens and the light source. Beam-pointing stability is also crucial, as small thermal drifts can cause a significant change in the beam direction, particularly if the focal length of the collimating lens is small.

What is the purpose of the objective lens in a lightmicroscope

Shanghai Optics. "Understanding the Function and Applications of Collimating Lenses". AZoOptics. 25 November 2024. .

One significant advantage of using collimating lenses is that they allow users to customize the field of view. This permits the collection of efficient and spatially resolved data. Collimating lenses also allow users to configure illumination.

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An objective lens is the most important optical unit that determines the basic performance/function of an optical microscope To provide an optical performance/function optimal for various needs and applications (i.e. the most important performance/function for an optical microscope), a wide variety of objective lenses are available according to the purpose.

Similarly, if the beam is substantially asymmetrical, meaning it diverges more in one direction than the other, an anamorphic prism pair can be used to obtain a circular light beam.

Objective lensmicroscope

To achieve optimal collimation, one must reduce the light source or increase the focal length of the collimating system. If the focal length of the collimating system is increased, it must be ensured that the system is far away from the light source.

The purposes of optical microscopes are broadly classified into two; "biological-use" and "industrial-use". Using this classification method, objective lenses are classified into "biological-use" objectives and "industrial-use" objectives. A common specimen in a biological use is fixed in place on the slide glass, sealing it with the cover glass from top. Since a biological-use objective lens is used for observation through this cover glass, optical design is performed in consideration of the cover glass thickness (commonly 0.17mm). Meanwhile, in an industrial use a specimen such as a metallography specimen, semiconductor wafer, and an electronic component is usually observed with nothing covered on it. An industrial-use objective lens is optically designed so as to be optimal for observation without any cover glass between the lens end and a specimen.

A variety of microscopy methods have been developed for optical microscopes according to intended purposes. The dedicated objective lenses to each microscopy method have been developed and are classified according to such a method. For example, "reflected darkfield objective (a circular-zone light path is applied to the periphery of an inner lens)", "Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) objective (the combination of optical properties with a DIC( Nomarski）prism is optimized by reducing lens distortions)", "fluorescence objective (the transmittance in the near-ultraviolet region is improved)", "polarization objective (lens distortions are drastically reduced)", and "phase difference objective (a phase plate is built in) are available.

A collimating lens, typically constructed from a curved mirror, is meticulously aligned to maximize light collection from a source. This alignment ensures that the light rays can be observed without parallax errors. The lens effectively prevents light from dispersing in various directions, enabling users to direct illumination in a parallel path.

Axial chromatic aberration correction is divided into three levels of achromat, semiapochromat (fluorite), and apochromat according to the degree of correction. The objective lineup is divided into the popular class to high class with a gradual difference in price. An objective lens for which axial chromatic aberration correction for two colors of C ray (red: 656,3nm) and F ray (blue: 486.1nm) has been made is known as Achromat or achromatic objective. In the case of Achromat, a ray except for the above two colors (generally violet g-ray: 435.8nm) comes into focus on a plane away from the focal plane. This g ray is called a secondary spectrum. An objective lens for which chromatic aberration up to this secondary spectrum has satisfactorily been corrected is known as Apochromat or apochromatic objective. In other words, Apochromat is an objective for which the axial chromatic aberration of three colors (C, F, and g rays) has been corrected. The following figure shows the difference in chromatic aberration correction between Achromat and Apochromat by using the wavefront aberration. This figure proves that Apochromat is corrected for chromatic aberration in wider wavelength range than Achromat is.

Zeiss objective

Shanghai Optics. (2024, June 13). Understanding the Function and Applications of Collimating Lenses. AZoOptics. Retrieved on November 25, 2024 from https://www.azooptics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2622.

Light measurement applications – Collimating lenses can measure light from sources such as OLED panels. The use of the collimating lens allows the measurement of light’s hue, flicker, and spectral power distribution.

Shanghai Optics. 2024. Understanding the Function and Applications of Collimating Lenses. AZoOptics, viewed 25 November 2024, https://www.azooptics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2622.

Objective lenses are roughly classified basically according to the intended purpose, microscopy method, magnification, and performance (aberration correction). Classification according to the concept of aberration correction among those items is a characteristic way of classification of microscope objectives.

Display measurement – Collimating lenses allow the evaluation of display parameters such as flicker, color, response time, gamma, and white point correction. The lens enables the alignment of the measurement point, resulting in precise and reliable measurement results.

What does the objective lens do on amicroscope

Collimating is a method of aligning a light beam or stream of particles in a parallel path. The technique reduces particle distribution while ensuring parallel propagation.

An optical collimator consists of a collimating lens connected to a measuring device such as a collimator, spectrometer, or light meter. A collimator lens utilized for remote sensing is connected to the measuring device through a fiber connection.

Depending on the light source, beam collimators may need additional optical components to reduce light divergence. For example, if the light sources have a high beam divergence, it may be required to employ aspheric optics to decrease beam quality deteriorations.