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Because a lens is symmetrical, it is assumed that any aberration is going to be the same at any point at the same distance from the lens's optical center. So the MTF graphs only display measurements over the distance ​from the center of the sensor to its corner, is half the diameter of the image circle. For a full frame lens, the diagonal/diameter is 42mm. So the MTF graphs display results for 0 to 21mm.

Objectivelens and eyepiece lens magnification

the distance from a lens to its focus.

Whatdoesthestage doon a microscope

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The lower right number (if given) refers to the thickness of the glass cover slip (in millimeters) assumed by the lens designer for best performance of the objective. Example: 0.17.The lower left number is the tube length in millimeters. This is related to the standardization of microscopes and the particular standard used for the manufacture of your microscope. Most microscopes employ the Deutsche Industrie Norm, or DIN standard configuration. The Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) is less commonly used. DIN microscopes begin with an object-to-image distance of 195 mm, and then fix the object distance at 45 mm. The remaining 150 mm distance to the eyepiece field lens sets the internal real image position, which is defined as 10 mm from the end of the mechanical tube (which gives the 160 mm tube length). DIN standard eyepieces have an international standard 23 mm diameter. DIN standard objectives often times have "DIN" etched on the side and have a standard 0.7965 in diameter thread, 36 TPI, 55° Whitworth threading. Celestron microscopes are made to DIN standards. The tube length for the DIN standard is 160 mm, while for the JIS it is 170 mm.NOTE: JIS objectives can be used on a DIN microscope and vice versa. The threads on both types are interchangeable. However, since the optical distances are different, there will be a difference in magnification. A JIS objective used on a DIN microscope will have a slightly lower magnification than the rated magnification since the DIN tube is shorter. And a DIN objective used on a JIS microscope will have a slightly higher magnification than the rated magnification since the JIS tube is longer.

Because of the way glass bends light, ​the further away the entry point is from the center, the more difficult it is to maintain optical quality. 99.99% of lenses perform better in the center than ​away from the center. An MTF graph uses the distance from that center as it's ​x ​axis. ​​​

​Our hobby suffers from an obsession with quantity over quality. Markets are lost and won over megapixel counts. Burst rates are the new black. High ISO are the new Orange. And the (tremendously difficult) work of opticians is reduced to a bunch of numbers relating to lens resolution. Preferably in the corners at infinity and full aperture. But fear not 🙂 If you're interested in evaluating lens performance in a more meaningful way, there's a lot to be learnt from the MTF curves that many manufacturers pass on as PR collateral. Not just about the lens' sharpness but also about the way it draws. No, a look at MTF charts isn't the same as a good evaluation of the lens' rendering on your camera, but it's definitely a good starting point.

What is thepurpose ofthe objectivelens inalightmicroscope

​If you shine a laser through the middle of the lens (the middle of the circle of the lens) and parallel to the axis of the lens, the laser won't be deflected at all (unless the lens is damaged). It will be a straight line from the entry point to the exit point in the rear element. It will come in at the center of the front element and leave at the center of the rear element.

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As you can see, this contrast 'transfer' efficiency from subject to sensor varies as we move from the optical center to the edge (18mm) and the corner (21mm) of the sensor: the curves aren't perfectly straight.

Microscope objective lenses will often have four numbers engraved on the barrel in a 2x2 array. The upper left number is the magnification factor of the objective. For example, 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x.The upper right number is the numerical aperture of the objective. For example 0.1, 0.25, 0.65, and 1.25.

One last detail and we can start interpreting these graphs: the finer the details in the subject scene, the more difficult it is for the lens to transmit them without losing contrast. If your scene has very large white and black lines, the lens will have no trouble showing them on the sensor. Only the edge between them will lose some contrast. ​The thinner the ​white and black lines in the subject scene, the more lens will make them look medium grey, until at one point they can no longer be told apart from one another.  (if you'd like the same explanation with more helpful images, Canon USA have a great page).

​As you can see, the horizontal axis goes from 0mm (the optical center of the lens) to just over 20mm (the corner of the sensor).

What is thestageon a microscope

So that's it: intuitively, you want the curves to be as high as possible, as straight as possible and the full/dotted curves to be as close as possible to one another. When you see that, you can expect the lens to be expensive and to create very lifelike, realistic images. It's the departure from that that defines the character of the lens and what we want to be able to read into.

Sharpness, by itself, doesn't mean anything. What we want to know is whether fine details are visible or not in the final image. A test chart usually has alternating black and white lines. Those represent maximum contrats in the subject scene (pure white next to pure black). Because there is some light loss in the lens, those lines will be projected as bright grey and dark gray on the sensor, not pure white and pure black. The percentage on the vertical axis measures how much of the original contrast is transmitted to the sensor by the lens. The higher the number, the less contrast is lost in the lens.

​Because the lens is circular, the image (of a scene) it projects ​is inscribed within a circle. The sensor uses a rectangle inside that circle. The center of the sensor aligns with the optical center of the lens. The diagonal of the sensor is more or less the diameter of  the lens's image circle.

Whatdoestheeyepiece lens doon a microscope

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​When you think of a lens as perfect devise that reduces the size of your subject scene to the size of your sensor, you set yourself up for disappointment, in that any departure from absolute neutrality will be perceived as a defect. If you consider a lens as a paint brush, you're begining to think like an artist and deciding what lens rendering is right for the sort of photograph you want to create.

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​The full black curves indicate sigital measurements and the dotted curves indicate the meridian measurements. In an ideal lens, the two would be one and a same. In real life, lenses don't relay information from the two directions in the same manner. The dotted ​curves are often wavier than the full ​curves.

And MTF graph is usually presented as a 2D graph that displays the constrast with which fine detail is transmitted by the lens to the sensor, at various distances from the optical center of the lens. Let's break that down into parts.

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Opticalmicroscope

Okay, so MTF graphs are all about measuring the contrast with which detail of varying fineness is transfered by the lens at various distances from its optical ​axis. And those details are in the form of pairs of white and black lines of varying thicknesses placed in front of the lens. Now those line pairs could be drawn horizontally, they could be drawn vertically and they could be drawn in any direction. The convention is that they are drawn in two directions: In the sagital direction, ie like the spokes of a bicycle wheel. And in the tangential direction, ie perpendicular to the spokes of a wheel.

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Whatdoesthe objectivelens doon a microscope

Lens design is an exercise in compromise. The more optical elements you use in the design, the more exotic glass you eomply, the more complex surfaces you calculate, the more aberrations you are able to correct. And the more likely your lens is to be heavy, expensive and visually dull. More surfaces rob you of the micro contrast and vitality that create that 3D pop so many of us crave. Zeiss Otus lenses aren't masterpieces because they correct so many aberrations. They are masterpieces because they manage to remain vivid and interesting ​in spite​ of the huge number of elements they use to correct so many aberrations. Many zooms that use that many elements are simply lifeless and boring.​​​

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What is objectivelens inmicroscope

A perfect lens would have all 3 curves perfectly straight and horizontal (no variation accross the sensor) and bunched up at the very top (no loss in contrast as the detail gets finer. As it turns out, this is as close to perfection as you're likely to find. The Otus 100 is a no-compromise lens that goes all out for optical perfection and almost achieves it. Price and weight don't enter the equation here 😉 For comparison, here is another Zeiss lens, also a great lesns but for other reasons: the Zeiss Sonnar 150/4.

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The top ​curve is for "thicker" (10 line pairs permm) white and black lines, the bottom one for "thinner" white and black lines (40 line pairs per mm). As explained above, smaller detail is harder to reproduce with high contrast. So the thinner lines are reproduced with a contrast of about 75%, while the thicker lines are reproduced with a contrast of 96%.

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​As you can see, the top ​curve is already lower and more sloping than that of the Otus 100 and the bottom one is ​a lot​ lower. This means fine details are transmitted to the sensor with far lower contrast than with the Otus 100. The observant eye may have noticed that the horizontal axis goes all the way to 40mm, not just 21mm. This is a medium format lens that has to cover a much larger surface than the Otus. We'll talk about that in more detail later. ​​​