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ECI’s AR Coatings meet the reflection and environmental requirements of MIL-C-14806A and MIL-C-48497. Designs comply with military and telecommunication industry standards.

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Aspirin, one of the common over-the-counter medications, is an example of a small molecule drug (see Figure 3). The drug was first approved by FDA in 1965 and is commonly used as a pain reliever (analgesics) [5]. Aspirin is weighted around 180 Daltons [5]. The structure of the aspirin is illustrated below. Once aspirin enters the body, it can target enzymes called cyclooxygenase enzyme 1(COX 1) and cyclooxygenase enzyme 2 (COX 2) [5]. These enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins which cause inflammation and pain [5]. Aspirin, however, suppresses the cyclooxygenase enzyme pathway by targeting COX1 and COX2 enzymes. As a result, aspirin inhibits the production of prostaglandins. Voilà! The pain is gone.

Anti-reflection coatings reduce first surface reflection losses, improve contrast and boost the transmission through your optical surface. Choose from a typical design below or ECI will design and deposit a custom anti-reflection (AR) coating for your specific application. If you are not sure how to specify your coating, our design team will work with you to identify the optimum design for your system.

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Broadly speaking, small molecule drugs can inhibit the disease onset and alleviate the symptoms of diseases. But still, small molecule drugs have their limitations. These drugs do not have regenerative ability. Specifically, they cannot restore the normal function of cells, tissues, or organs.

With advances in biomedical science, there are new, innovative therapeutic treatments emerging now and then. Still, small molecule drugs dominate the pharmaceutical market. Between 2007 and 2016, 77% of FDA-approved new drugs are small molecule drugs, and 23% of these new drugs are biologics drugs [1].

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Evaporated Coatings Inc. offers anti-reflection coatings for a variety of substrate materials and configurations. Different coatings materials are selected depending on the substrate material, size, shape, and wavelength range of interest. In many cases, the choice of substrate material dictates the deposition temperature of the AR coating. For narrowband Anti-Reflection coatings, the optical performance is similar for both low and high temperature depositions. However, the performance of a broadband AR Coating will vary depending on the deposition temperature. Typically, broadband AR coatings deposited at higher temperatures will yield lower average reflection over a particular bandwidth. There are two primary reasons: 1). certain coating materials require deposition at elevated temperatures for sufficient durability and 2). the refractive indices of some materials decrease when deposited at lower temperatures. For example, a visible broadband AR coating on BK7 will have slightly better optical performance than a visible broadband AR coating deposited on Polycarbonate. Figure 2 shows the difference in performance between the two substrates mentioned above.

ECI has extensive experience coating polymers and other temperature sensitive substrates. ECI has been coating polymer optics for over 60 years. Our low temperature Anti-Reflection coatings are designed and deposited to ensure good adhesion and thermal stability on even the most challenging polymer substrates. ECI coats different types of substrate with low temperature Anti-Reflection coatings at process temperatures below 50°C. These substrates range from plastic windows and lenses to optical fibers and fiber optic assemblies/components including: Molded Polymer Optics, Polycarbonate, Acrylic, Zeonex®, Ultem®, Mylar®, CR39, COC, Fresnel Lenses, TO-Window Cans, MT Ferrules.

[…] a previous blog post, we introduced what small molecules drugs are. A common follow-up question is what small molecule […]

As mentioned earlier, small molecule drugs can get into cells due to their tiny weight. Once they enter the cell, these drugs interact with various proteins in different ways. The most common targets for small molecule drugs are receptors and enzymes. Receptors are like sentinels for the cell. They receive messages from other cells or environments and inform the cell they reside in what to produce or not to produce. Enzymes are catalysts that speed up the production inside cells. The production has to happen fast enough to support life. As a result, the small molecule drugs can stimulate the wanted molecular pathways—a series of actions among molecules in a cell that leads to a certain endpoint or cell function [4]—and suppress the unwanted molecular pathways by engaging their biological targets.

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What exactly are small molecule drugs? Small molecule drugs are pharmaceutical, chemical compounds under 1000 Daltons molecule weight. Just like we use grams to measure the mass of objects like paperclips or sugar, a Dalton is a unit of mass that helps us measure even smaller objects like molecules. Keep in mind, the average mass of one molecule of water is about 18 Daltons. You would need just 56 water molecules to exceed the upper limits of the weight of a small molecule (See Figure 1 below). So, the small molecule drugs are very small. Because of their tiny size, small molecule drugs can pass through cell membranes and reach their targets. Another feature of small molecule drugs is these drugs can be chemically synthesized in a laboratory.

Typical values verified through independent test laboratories. Actual LDT performance is dependent on substrate selection, surface preparation, and system design.

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KIF1A.ORG is a global community dedicated to improving the lives of those affected by KIF1A Associated Neurological Disorder and accelerating research to find a cure.

ECI’s durable films on plastic and polymer molded optics are resistant to organic solvents and are an excellent choice for a wide variety of products.

ECI also deposits high temperature Anti-Reflection coatings on various substrates, including crown glasses, float glasses, Fused Silica, Sapphire, Silicon, CaF2, and others. ECI can deposit these coatings to cover any wavelength range between 200 – 2500nm. These coatings are designed and deposited to meet the durability requirements per MIL-C-675C. ECI deposits Anti-Reflection coatings on parts up to 400mm in diameter.

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Anti-Reflection Coatings can be optimized for narrow and broadband applications. The performance of an AR coating will vary depending on the bandwidth and angle of incidence (AOI). ECI can typically achieve front surface reflection less than 0.03% for a narrowband AR coating at near normal incidence. Anti-Reflection coatings optimized for wider bandwidths will display a higher maximum reflection. A typical Broadband Anti-Reflection coating on glass will have a maximum reflection of less than 0.5% with a typical average reflection of 0.25%. Figure 1 shows how reflection performance can vary with bandwidth.

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ECI deposits High Power Anti-Reflection coatings on several different types of substrates, including but not limited to Glass/Fused Silica windows, lenses and wafers, Fiber optic cables and assemblies, LBO, BBO, KTP, TGG, GGG, BiG, and Silicon wafers.

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What are small molecule drugs? Where do they come from? How do they work? This blog post and accompanying video was created by a team of biotechnology students at Columbia University as part of a class project for the Seminar in Biotechnology taught by Dr. Lili Yamasaki. Thank you to Yanzhe Ma, Yishu Yin, Jerry Shen, Alex Jin, and Wanyun Li for volunteering your time and expertise to create this Research Simplified resource for the KIF1A.ORG community!

AR Coatings ( Anti-Reflection coatings ) are deposited onto optical surfaces to reduce specular reflectivity. Anti-Reflection coatings are comprised of a single layer or multiple layers. These designs are optimized to create destructive interference with respect to the reflected light. This design approach will allow the maximum amount of light transmission without compromising image quality. Diagram 1 is an example of a typical multilayer Anti-Reflection coating.

Prism Based on Shape of Bases · Triangular prism (has triangular bases). · Square prism (has square bases). · Rectangular prism (has rectangular bases).

Anti-Reflection coatings are utilized in a variety of applications. It is very common for AR coatings to be used in laser applications. In such cases, Anti-Reflective coatings will need to meet or exceed certain LDT ( Laser Damage Threshold ) requirements. ECI primarily uses Ion Beam Sputtering ( IBS ) or Electron Beam ( E-Beam ) to deposit AR coatings that must withstand high power lasers.

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In contrast, biologic drugs are isolated from living organisms, including humans, animals, and microorganisms [2]. One of the distinguished advantages of small molecule drugs is their manipulable distribution methods and how they work [3]. Usually, the small molecule drugs are administered orally, providing convenience and relatively low costs.

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