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quantumefficiency中文

Shown here is the photosensitivity of S11639-01, a CMOS detector often used in similar applications as the CCD detector shown previously. It would be preferable to be able to compare these two directly, but this is not possible because the axis units are different.

Spectral response

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Depth of field is the range of depth that a specimen is in focus. A microscope that has a thin depth of field will have to be continuously focused up and down to view a thick specimen, as shown on the right. Different levels of this specimen are brought into focus by continuously adjusting the fine focus.

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Quantum efficiency is perhaps the simplest to explain. Light comes in the form of photons. The quantum efficiency states that for every photon coming in there’s a probability of X % that the photon will generate an electron that is measured by the detector. If a detector has a quantum efficiency of 60%, and 100 photons are impinging on its surface then the detector will count on average 60 electrons. The remaining 40 are lost.

Conversion to and from sensitivity expressed in V/(lx s) is not trivial. The reason is that lux, lumens per m2, is a unit that is modulated with the human eye’s photoresponse. This is expressed as the photopic luminous efficacy, i.e. the sensitivity of the cones:

To determine how fast a detector reaches its full output signal one has to look at the full well capacity. For some detectors, this value would be e.g. 200ke-. If 100 electrons are impinging on the detector every millisecond, and on average 40 of those are lost, then the detector gains 60 electrons every millisecond. In this case, it would take 3300ms, or 3.3s to reach full detector saturation, or what is normally shown as an output of 65535 counts (16 bits).

From the plot, it can be seen that the sensitivity at 400nm is 0.23 A/W, and at 600nm it is 0.38 A/W. By dividing the value from the graph with the ideal value calculated previously we obtain a ratio. This ratio is equivalent to the quantum efficiency:

Detectivequantum efficiency

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But the big problem is that normally this curve does not match that of the detector quantum efficiency. Luminous efficiency is effectively 0 at both 400nm and at 750nm, yet the quantum efficiency for S11639-01 at both these wavelengths is approximately 72% – despite having a sensitivity stated in V/(lx s). Consequently, one can only trust the sensitivity provided in V/(lx s) at the single wavelength for which it provided.

The field number is the diameter of the image area when seen under the eyepiece. This is often written on the side of the eyepiece, as shown on the right. In this case, the eyepiece has a field number of 20mm. So the image, when seen with the eyepiece only, has a diameter or 20 mm.

The exact quantum efficiency is typically different for different wavelengths. The following plot shows an example for a typical silicon CCD detector, S11156-2048-02:

Consider the image on the right as seen through the compound microscope with the eyepiece shown above. The microscope field of view when the 10X objective lens is used is found with the following formula:

Solar panelefficiency

When you look through the lens of a microscope you see a circular area, the diameter of which is known as the field of view. To work out the field of view we need to know the field number and the magnification of the objective lens.

Photoelectric conversionefficiency

Starting with the ideal case, it is necessary to calculate the number of photons per watt for a given wavelength. For comparison’s sake, we can use 400 nm and 600 nm. The photon energy is given by Planck’s constant, h, the speed of light, c, and the wavelength, λ:

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The sensitivity of different detectors is not always reported equally in datasheets. Some use sensitivity in A/W, others may report a sensitivity of V/(lx s), and finally some report it as quantum efficiency. This makes it difficult to perform direct comparisons and to find the best suited detector. In this technical note, we provide guidelines for converting between the various ways to specify sensitivity.

A ruler is placed under a microscope and viewed using the 10X objecive lens. What is the field number on the eye piece of this microscope? 13 mm 130 mm 1.3 mm

量子效率

To continue it is necessary to convert the number of photons per time (which is equal to the number of electrons per time) to a current, I, in ampere. This corresponds to a quantum efficiency of 100%. N/t was the number of electrons per unit time. To convert that to a current multiply by the electron charge, measured in Coulomb:

Now that the equations are in place it is possible to make a direct comparison of the quantum efficiency of the back-thinned CCD detector, and the S11639-01 CMOS detector. From the plot it is evident that the photosensitivity in A/W (blue line) makes the detector look vastly inferior to the CCD detector (green line) at all wavelengths – even if these numbers are not directly comparable.

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Sony IMX183, CMOS 1", Sony IMX183, CMOS 1". Pixel Size (µm), 2.40, 2.40. Firmware, 1705.0.124.0, 1705.0.124.0. ADC, 12-bit, 12-bit. Quantum Efficiency Mono (% ...

Internalquantum efficiency

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Another common way to state the sensitivity is in X amperes of photocurrent resulting from Y watts of incoming light. It can be a bit deceiving to look at a curve of the photosensitivity since it is easy to get the impression that this detector is far worse in the UV-region than the plot shown for quantum efficiency. However, one has to convert the photosensitivity to quantum efficiency to obtain a fair comparison.

For example, if the field of view under low magnification using a 10X eyepiece and a 10X objective lens is 5mm the field of view when using a 40X objective lens would be 5mm X 10/40, which is 1.25 mm.

But when converting the photosensitivity to quantum efficiency (red line) the CMOS appears to be substantially similar to the CCD, albeit with a ripple modulation on top. This underlines the importance of comparing apples to apples.

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Each 1 W of energy input consists of N number of photons per second, which is the ideal case is converted into the same N number of electrons per second:

Externalquantum efficiency

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