Let's take an example using numbers from my own laser. I will first pretend there are no collimating optics in the laser, which is not true but will serve as a good example as to why diode lasers without collimating optics are not good for free space setups. From the laser's spec sheet, I know that the \(M^2\) value in the bad direction is 25 and that its waist size, which is probably half the size of the diode in one principle direction, is 107 microns. Using the above equation, I get a value of 56 centimeters, which means that an ideal Gaussian beam with these specs will stay collimated over about half a meter.

The VINCI series of ultrafast fiber lasers has a central emission wavelength of 1064 nm and features a unique combination of short pulse durations.

The Rayleigh range of a Gaussian laser beam should therefore be larger than the characteristic distance of my setup that I identified in the previous step. But what about multimode beams like the one from my laser diode? This is where the concept of an "embedded Gaussian" comes into play. (For more information about this idea, see this tutorial by Tony Siegman.) I can predict the collimated distance by computing the Rayleigh range of an ideal Gaussian beam, and then divide it by the \(M^2\) parameter for the beam.

Collimating lens

Coma is caused by the curvature of the principal planes of the optical system. Coma can occur even at short distances from the principal axis. The comet like shape in comatic aberration is due to the refraction differences when light rays pass through the various zones of the lens.

Collimation radiology

The fluorescence microscopy setup in my lab requires quite a bit of power. The minimum irradiance requirement is greater than 1 kW per square centimeter, and this must cover an area spanning a few tens of microns across after focusing through the objective. When I was designing the setup, the highest priority was placed on finding a cheap laser with as much power as possible at a wavelength of 647 nm; I considered all other qualities of the laser of secondary importance.

Returning to my own setup, if I resize the beam using a telescope to have a waist radius of 2 millimeters so it almost entirely fits inside the objective's exit pupil, the Rayleigh range of the embedded Gaussian beam will be almost 20 meters, which is pretty long. The real beam, however, will have a Rayleigh range of about 780 millimeters meters due to the high \(M^2\) value. Practically, this means I have about one meter of collimated laser beam with which to work since I have double the Rayleigh range of collimated distance, but really I want the beam to travel less distance than this.

However, my real multimode beam will have a Rayleigh range that is smaller than this value by a factor of 25, which is only about 2 centimeters. For this reason, diode laser beams almost always have collimating optics; the beam from the diode itself is highly divergent.

The astigmatism is not necessarily a big problem for me, though. What is surprising to me is how difficult it is to keep the beam collimated over large distances, that is, to keep it roughly the same size as it propagates. My application requires a fairly small beam size since the exit pupil of the objective is only 6 millimeters in diameter. With M-squared values direct from the laser of 12 and 25, it is quite difficult to keep the beam collimated for a long enough distance to steer the beam through all the optics and to keep it small enough to prevent overfilling the objective's exit pupil and losing power.

Collimatedflashlight

Registered members can chat with Azthena, request quotations, download pdf's, brochures and subscribe to our related newsletter content.

Collimatedvs coherent

In negative coma, the tail of the comet is pointing away from the center of the field of view, while in positive coma it points towards the field of view. A strongly concave positive meniscus lens will cause negative comatic aberration, while a bi-convex or plano convex lens will cause negative to zero coma. Positive coma occurs when objects are viewed through the convex side of a plano-convex or a convex meniscus lens.

Collimate telescope

It is represented by the symbol \(z_R\) in the figure below from Wikipedia. The total distance over which the beam will stay collimated is represented by \(b\) and is just twice the Rayleigh range.

Collimating mirror

Optical aberrations are deviations from geometric optics that are mainly caused by faults in optical lenses. The main types of aberrations are spherical, comatic, distortion, astigmatism, field curvature and chromatic aberration.

There are two types of coma aberrations - negative and positive. The alignment of the tail of the comet shape depends on the type of comatic aberration.The shape of the lens causes the meridional rays passing through its periphery to arrive at the image plane that is closer to the axis when compared to the rays near the axis.

The comatic image is referred to as a comatic circle, which is divided into different regions, namely, tangential coma, sagittal coma and coma flare (the comet’s tail).

The extent of distortion depends on the shape of the thin lens. In the absence of any aberrations rays passing through a lens will converge at the focal point behind the lens. Rays that are traversing in off axis regions produce varying transverse magnification. Coma becomes apparent when the rays from the object enter the lens at an oblique angle causing the image to be off axis.

So, how can I predict the distance over which my beam can stay collimated to better judge how well it will work for my setup? The first thing to realize is that no beam can stay collimated forever. Real laser beams experience diffraction, which causes them to spread as they propagate. This means that the first thing I should do is to consider the distances spanned by the beam paths. In a microscopy setup, this path will probably not be longer than a couple meters. In mine, it's roughly two meters since I am combining a number of laser beams together and need the extra space.

Collimatedmeaning in Physics

Concluding from the above,coma can be minimized by choosing the right kind of lenses. Coma of a single lens system can be minimized (even eliminated in some cases) by choosing the apt curvature for the lens to match the application. Lenses that are capable of eliminating both spherical and comatic aberration are called aplanatic or bestform lenses. By using the right combination of lenses that are positioned symmetrically around a central stop, comatic aberration can be corrected.

Coma or comatic aberration is similar to spherical aberration, caused by off-axis light fluxes. Comatic aberration is more pronounced when the microscope is out of alignment. Optical coma aberration is regarded as the worst among aberrations due to the asymmetry of the image that it causes. The resulting shape of the image distorted by comatic aberration resembles that of a comet with its tail, hence the name coma.

Just like everything else in science, I have learned a very good lesson from this experience. The laser I decided to purchase is a 800 mW BrixX laser from Omicron. The cost is under $10,000, which I consider to be a pretty good deal for the amount of power it puts out. There is no fiber-coupled version, but all of our lasers are free space anyway so I did not consider this to be a big problem. The beam is astigmatic, which is to be expected from a high power laser diode.

Collimatedbeam

While we only use edited and approved content for Azthena answers, it may on occasions provide incorrect responses. Please confirm any data provided with the related suppliers or authors. We do not provide medical advice, if you search for medical information you must always consult a medical professional before acting on any information provided.

Fortunately I can shrink the beam path enough that this should not be a problem, but it does serve as a very good lesson when looking for lasers for a microscopy application.

These F-theta lenses by Avantier are designed for consistent spot size and uniform field curvature correction, ideal for high-resolution imaging applications.

LIS Technologies is on the road to transforming nuclear fuel enrichment through advanced laser techniques, ensuring a sustainable and cost-effective approach to energy production.

Your questions, but not your email details will be shared with OpenAI and retained for 30 days in accordance with their privacy principles.

What I have learned from this is that free-space diode lasers, and more generally multimode laser beams, require extra consideration to ensure that they will stay collimated in long setups.

Reuven Silverman of Ophir discusses the critical role of M2 measurements in laser technology for optimization and quality control in various industries.

When the peripheral rays produce the smallest image, the comatic aberration is termed negative. In cases wherethe peripheral rays are focused further down the axis, causing greater magnification, the comatic aberration is termed positive.

Once I identify the length scale over which the beam should stay collimated, I need to examine the beam parameter that is best associated with collimation. For a pure Gaussian beam, this parameter is the Rayleigh range. The Rayleigh range is the distance between the beam waist and the point where the cross-sectional area of the beam has doubled, or, equivalently, to the point where the radius of the beam has increased over the waist radius by a factor of the \(\sqrt{2}\). For a pure Gaussian beam with a waist radius of \(w_0\) and a wavelength of \(\lambda\), the Rayleigh range is given by the equation