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coherent anti-stokesramanscattering microscopy

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Anti stokes raman spectroscopynotes

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In our study of concave mirrors, we are going to assume that all light-rays which strike a mirror parallel to its principal axis (e.g., all rays emanating from a distant object) are brought to a focus at the same point . Of course, as mentioned above, this is only an approximation. It turns out that as rays from a distant object depart further from the principal axis of a concave mirror they are brought to a focus ever closer to the mirror, as shown in Fig. 70. This lack of perfect focusing of a spherical mirror is called spherical aberration. The approximation in which we neglect spherical aberration is called the paraxial approximation.3 Likewise, the study of image formation under this approximation is known as paraxial optics. This field of optics was first investigated systematically by the famous German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss in 1841. Figure 70: Spherical aberration in a concave mirror. It can be demonstrated, by geometry, that the only type of mirror which does not suffer from spherical aberration is a parabolic mirror (i.e., a mirror whose reflecting surface is the surface of revolution of a parabola). Thus, a ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a parabolic mirror is brought to a focus at the same point , no matter how far the ray is from the axis. Since the path of a light-ray is completely reversible, it follows that a light source placed at the focus of a parabolic mirror yields a perfectly parallel beam of light, after the light has reflected off the surface of the mirror. Parabolic mirrors are more difficult, and, therefore, more expensive, to make than spherical mirrors. Thus, parabolic mirrors are only used in situations where the spherical aberration of a conventional spherical mirror would be a serious problem. The receiving dishes of radio telescopes are generally parabolic. They reflect the incoming radio waves from (very) distant astronomical sources, and bring them to a focus at a single point, where a detector is placed. In this case, since the sources are extremely faint, it is imperative to avoid the signal losses which would be associated with spherical aberration. A car headlight consists of a light-bulb placed at the focus of a parabolic reflector. The use of a parabolic reflector enables the headlight to cast a very straight beam of light ahead of the car. The beam would be nowhere near as well-focused were a spherical reflector used instead. Next: Image Formation by Concave Up: Paraxial Optics Previous: Paraxial Optics Richard Fitzpatrick 2007-07-14

The combination of spectrally narrow picosecond pulse as a pump ωρ and probe ωρ’ and a broadband femtosecond pulse as Stokes is the basis for broadband CARS.

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Anti stokes raman spectroscopyprinciple

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Applications include: CARS Microscopy and Spectroscopy Transient Absorption Spectroscopy Vibrational Spectroscopy Please see our CARS Microspectrometer application note for more information.

coherent anti-stokesraman spectroscopyof single and multi-layer graphene

Anti stokes raman spectroscopywikipedia

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Our Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microspectrometer solution is designed to integrate with Ti:Sapphire femtosecond oscillators to perform CARS Microspectroscopy related experiments. This complete solution from Newport includes detailed information on set up, alignment and components used to help researchers save valuable time and resources.

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In this solution a Phonic crystal fiber is used to generate broadband Supercontinuum that can be used as a Stokes pulse. Shown is a block diagram of the experimental setup with the following components: FI – Faraday isolator, 1/2 WP – half wave plate, BS – beam splitter, RELP – razor edge long pass filter, LP – long pass filter, SCG-800 – supercontinuum generation kit, FO – focusing objective, CO – collimating objective, SP – combination of short pass filters, FM – flip mount, PMT – photomultiplier. Our CARS Microspectrometer application note provides detailed information on set up, alignment and components used in this experiment.

Raman spectroscopyprinciple

It can be demonstrated, by geometry, that the only type of mirror which does not suffer from spherical aberration is a parabolic mirror (i.e., a mirror whose reflecting surface is the surface of revolution of a parabola). Thus, a ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a parabolic mirror is brought to a focus at the same point , no matter how far the ray is from the axis. Since the path of a light-ray is completely reversible, it follows that a light source placed at the focus of a parabolic mirror yields a perfectly parallel beam of light, after the light has reflected off the surface of the mirror. Parabolic mirrors are more difficult, and, therefore, more expensive, to make than spherical mirrors. Thus, parabolic mirrors are only used in situations where the spherical aberration of a conventional spherical mirror would be a serious problem. The receiving dishes of radio telescopes are generally parabolic. They reflect the incoming radio waves from (very) distant astronomical sources, and bring them to a focus at a single point, where a detector is placed. In this case, since the sources are extremely faint, it is imperative to avoid the signal losses which would be associated with spherical aberration. A car headlight consists of a light-bulb placed at the focus of a parabolic reflector. The use of a parabolic reflector enables the headlight to cast a very straight beam of light ahead of the car. The beam would be nowhere near as well-focused were a spherical reflector used instead. Next: Image Formation by Concave Up: Paraxial Optics Previous: Paraxial Optics Richard Fitzpatrick 2007-07-14

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what is coherent anti-stokesraman spectroscopy

An energy diagram of the CARS process is shown. The CARS signal is resonantly enhanced when the difference between the pump ωρ and Stokes ωS frequencies matches a vibrational transition ΩΡ of the molecule.

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Let us now introduce a few key concepts which are needed to study image formation by a concave spherical mirror. As illustrated in Fig. 69, the normal to the centre of the mirror is called the principal axis. The mirror is assumed to be rotationally symmetric about this axis. Hence, we can represent a three-dimensional mirror in a two-dimensional diagram, without loss of generality. The point at which the principal axis touches the surface of the mirror is called the vertex. The point , on the principal axis, which is equidistant from all points on the reflecting surface of the mirror is called the centre of curvature. The distance along the principal axis from point to point is called the radius of curvature of the mirror, and is denoted . It is found experimentally that rays striking a concave mirror parallel to its principal axis, and not too far away from this axis, are reflected by the mirror such that they all pass through the same point on the principal axis. This point, which is lies between the centre of curvature and the vertex, is called the focal point, or focus, of the mirror. The distance along the principal axis from the focus to the vertex is called the focal length of the mirror, and is denoted . Figure 69: Image formation by a concave mirror. In our study of concave mirrors, we are going to assume that all light-rays which strike a mirror parallel to its principal axis (e.g., all rays emanating from a distant object) are brought to a focus at the same point . Of course, as mentioned above, this is only an approximation. It turns out that as rays from a distant object depart further from the principal axis of a concave mirror they are brought to a focus ever closer to the mirror, as shown in Fig. 70. This lack of perfect focusing of a spherical mirror is called spherical aberration. The approximation in which we neglect spherical aberration is called the paraxial approximation.3 Likewise, the study of image formation under this approximation is known as paraxial optics. This field of optics was first investigated systematically by the famous German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss in 1841. Figure 70: Spherical aberration in a concave mirror. It can be demonstrated, by geometry, that the only type of mirror which does not suffer from spherical aberration is a parabolic mirror (i.e., a mirror whose reflecting surface is the surface of revolution of a parabola). Thus, a ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a parabolic mirror is brought to a focus at the same point , no matter how far the ray is from the axis. Since the path of a light-ray is completely reversible, it follows that a light source placed at the focus of a parabolic mirror yields a perfectly parallel beam of light, after the light has reflected off the surface of the mirror. Parabolic mirrors are more difficult, and, therefore, more expensive, to make than spherical mirrors. Thus, parabolic mirrors are only used in situations where the spherical aberration of a conventional spherical mirror would be a serious problem. The receiving dishes of radio telescopes are generally parabolic. They reflect the incoming radio waves from (very) distant astronomical sources, and bring them to a focus at a single point, where a detector is placed. In this case, since the sources are extremely faint, it is imperative to avoid the signal losses which would be associated with spherical aberration. A car headlight consists of a light-bulb placed at the focus of a parabolic reflector. The use of a parabolic reflector enables the headlight to cast a very straight beam of light ahead of the car. The beam would be nowhere near as well-focused were a spherical reflector used instead. Next: Image Formation by Concave Up: Paraxial Optics Previous: Paraxial Optics Richard Fitzpatrick 2007-07-14