The lens of your eye is a unique structure that’s crucial for seeing clearly. Over time, the cells in your eye lens can start to wear out and lose some of their focusing ability. You might notice your vision becoming cloudy or your focus becoming strained as you age. Regular eye health checkups can help you keep track of the wear and tear on your eye lens. Your provider can offer treatments to help recover your vision.

For scientist who needs unique instrument for research, we provide parameter tailored laser systems that enable customer to perform complex experiments. In-house design and manufacturing ensures operative design, manufacturing and customization of new products.

Aging and environmental factors like sunlight eventually take their toll on your eye lens, particularly the older crystallin cells in the center. When these cells start to break down, they lose some of their transparency and become cloudy. This is what age-related cataracts are. As eye lenses age, they also become less flexible and less able to change shape to focus on objects close-up. This is what age-related presbyopia is.

Cataracts (cloudy spots on your eye lens) make your vision blurry or foggy. You might feel like you’re viewing the world through a dirty window. They often start in one spot and then spread. From the outside, they make your pupil, the dark spot in your eye, look cloudy, more like gray or white than black. (Babies can be born with cataracts related to genetic disorders, and this is one way to recognize them.)

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Laser-produced plasmas are intense sources of XUV radiation that can be suitable for different applications such as extreme ultraviolet lithography, beyond extreme ultraviolet lithography and water window imaging. In particular, much work has focused on the use of tin plasmas for extreme ultraviolet lithography at 13.5 nm. We have investigated the spectral behavior of the laser produced plasmas formed on closely packed polystyrene microspheres and porous alumina targets covered by a thin tin layer in the spectral region from 2.5 to 16 nm. Nd:YAG lasers delivering pulses of 170 ps (Ekspla SL312P )and 7 ns (Continuum Surelite) duration were focused onto the nanostructured targets coated with tin. The intensity dependence of the recorded spectra was studied; the conversion efficiency (CE) of laser energy into the emission in the 13.5 nm spectral region was estimated. We have observed an increase in CE using high intensity 170 ps Nd:YAG laser pulses as compared with a 7 ns pulse.

Cataract surgery is the only treatment for cataracts. During this common procedure, a surgeon removes your clouded eye lens and replaces it with a new, artificial lens (intraocular lens, or IOL).

In this work, we present a compact laser-produced plasma source of X-rays, developed and characterized for application in soft X-ray contact microscopy (SXCM). The source is based on a double stream gas puff target, irradiated with a commercially available Nd:YAG laser, delivering pulses with energy up to 740 mJ and 4 ns pulse duration at 10 Hz repetition rate. The target is formed by pulsed injection of a stream of high-Z gas (argon) into a cloud of low Z-gas (helium) by using an electromagnetic valve with a double nozzle setup. The source is designed to irradiate specimens, both in vacuum and in helium atmosphere with nanosecond pulses of soft X-rays in the ‘‘water-window” spectral range. The source is capable of delivering a photon fluence of about 1.09 x 103 photon/µm2/pulse at a sample placed in vacuum at a distance of about 20 mm downstream the source. It can also deliver a photon fluence of about 9.31 x 102 – photons/µm2/pulse at a sample placed in a helium atmosphere at the same position. The source design and results of the characterization measurements as well as the optimization of the source are presented and discussed. The source was successfully applied in the preliminary experiments on soft X-ray contact microscopy and images of microstructures and biological specimens with ~80 nm half-pitch spatial resolution, obtained in helium atmosphere, are presented.

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Exploring interaction of light with matter. Detailed information about the composition, structure, dynamics, and environment of molecules and atoms can be obtained.

Complex shapes and features, like black/white marking and coloring can be performed without the need for chemical additives

We present a broadband optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) system delivering 4 J pulses at a repetition rate of 5 Hz. It will serve as a frontend for the 1.5 kJ, <150 fs, 10 PW laser beamline currently under development by a consortium of National Energetics and Ekspla. The spectrum of the OPCPA system is precisely controlled by arbitrarily generated waveforms of the pump lasers. To fully exploit the high flexibility of the frontend, we have developed a 1D model of the system and an optimization algorithm that predicts suitable pump waveform settings for a desired output spectrum. The OPCPA system is shown to have high efficiency, a high-quality top-hat beam profile, and an output spectrum demonstrated to be shaped consistently with the theoretical model.

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Exploring interaction of light with matter. Detailed information about the composition, structure, dynamics, and environment of molecules and atoms can be obtained.

This review presents the technological infrastructure that will be available at the Extreme Light Infrastructure Attosecond Light Pulse Source (ELI-ALPS) international facility. ELI-ALPS will offer to the international scientific community ultrashort pulses in the femtosecond and attosecond domain for time-resolved investigations with unprecedented levels of high quality characteristics. The laser sources and the attosecond beamlines available at the facility will make attosecond technology accessible for scientists lacking access to these novel tools. Time-resolved investigation of systems of increasing complexity is envisaged using the end stations that will be provided at the facility.

Your eye care specialist can walk you through the different options and which ones might work best for you. You might benefit from different treatments over time, as aging continues to affect your vision.

Today laser intensities reached levels where relativistic effects dominate in laser-matter interaction. New applications of high pulse energy lasers emerge in various disciplines ranging from fundamental physics to materials research and life sciences. Ekspla presents line of femtosecond, picosecond and nanosecond high pulse energy lasers and amplifiers.

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We present a high peak and average power optical parametric chirped pulse amplification system driven by diode-pumped Yb:KGW and Nd:YAG lasers running at 1 kHz repetition rate. The advanced architecture of the system allows us to achieve \\&\\#x0003E;53 W average power combined with 5.5 TW peak power, along with sub-220 mrad CEP stability and sub-9 fs pulse duration at a center wavelength around 880 nm. Broadband, background-free, passively CEP stabilized seed pulses are produced in a series of cascaded optical parametric amplifiers pumped by the Yb:KGW laser, while a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser system provides multi-mJ pump pulses for power amplification stages. Excellent stability of output parameters over 16 hours of continuous operation is demonstrated.

Short pulse durations of fs lasers offer a solution for low heat conductivity of polymers, enabling the precise machining and preserving process quality.

For scientist who needs unique instrument for research, we provide parameter tailored high intensity laser systems that enable customer to perform complex experiments.

Surgeons can also replace your eye lens with an IOL before you develop a cataract to correct refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia or presbyopia. In this case, it’s called refractive lens exchange.

TAE Technologies’ newly constructed C-2W experiment aims to improve the ion and electron temperatures in a sustained field-reversed configuration plasma. A suite of Thomson scattering systems has been designed and constructed for electron temperature and density profile measurements. The systems are designed for electron densities of 1 × 1012 cm−3 to 2 × 1014 cm−3 and temperature ranges from 10 eV to 2 keV. The central system will provide profile measurements of Te and ne at 16 radial locations from r = −9 cm to r = 64 cm with a temporal resolution of 20 kHz for 4 pulses or 1 kHz for 30 pulses. The jet system will provide profile measurements of Te and ne at 5 radial locations in the open field region from r = −5 cm to r = 15 cm with a temporal resolution of 100 Hz. The central system and its components have been characterized, calibrated, installed, and commissioned. A maximum-likelihood algorithm has been applied for data processing and analysis.

We optimized the parameters of a laser-produced plasma source based on a solid-state Nd: YAG laser (λ = 1.06 nm, pulse duration 4 ns, energy per pulse up to 500 mJ, repetition rate 10 Hz, lens focus distance 45 mm, maximum power density of laser radiation in focus 9 × 1011 W/cm2) and a double-stream Xe/He gas jet to obtain a maximum of radiation intensity around 11 nm wavelength. It was shown that the key factor determining the ionization composition of the plasma is the jet density. With the decreased density, the ionization composition shifts toward a smaller degree of ionization, which leads to an increase in emission peak intensity around 11 nm. We attribute the dominant spectral feature centred near 11 nm originating from an unidentified 4d-4f transition array in Xe+10…+13 ions. The exact position of the peak and the bandwidth of the emission line were determined. We measured the dependence of the conversion efficiency of laser energy into an EUV in-band energy with a peak at 10.82 nm from the xenon pressure and the distance between the nozzle and the laser focus. The maximum conversion efficiency (CE) into the spectral band of 10–12 nm measured at a distance between the nozzle and the laser beam focus of 0.5 mm was CE = 4.25 ± 0.30%. The conversion efficiencies of the source in-bands of 5 and 12 mirror systems at two wavelengths of 10.8 and 11.2 nm have been evaluated; these efficiencies may be interesting for beyond extreme ultraviolet lithography.

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Our high intensity lasers feature flash lamp pump for ultra-high pulse energy or diode pump for high average power. Innovative solutions for pulse shaping, precise synchronization between different laser sources enable to fit these systems to numerous experiments of modern fundamental science.

Complex shapes and features, like black/white marking and coloring can be performed without the need for chemical additives

Our broad knowledge in high energy laser physics, non-linear materials and more that 30 years of experience in laser design enables us to offer unique solutions for high intensity laser systems.

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The eye lens absorbs, focuses and directs incoming light to the retina, the light-sensitive tissue in the back of your eye. It changes its shape automatically to focus on objects at different distances. It can make itself flatter or rounder to bend incoming light from different distances toward a single point. This is how it fine-tunes your focus. The lens provides about 30% of your eye’s focus; your cornea provides the other 70%.

Short pulse durations of fs lasers offer a solution for low heat conductivity of polymers, enabling the precise machining and preserving process quality.

Advancements in light engineering have led to the creation of pulsed laser sources capable of delivering high-repetition-rate, high-power few-cycle laser pulses across a wide spectral range, enabling exploration of many fascinating nonlinear processes occurring in all states of matter. High-harmonic generation, one such process, which converts the low-frequency photons of the driver laser field into soft x-rays, has revolutionized atomic, molecular, and optical physics, leading to progress in attosecond science and ultrafast optoelectronics. The Extreme Light Infrastructure, Attosecond Light Pulse Source (ELI ALPS) facility pioneers state-of-the-art tools for research in these areas. This paper outlines the design rationale, capabilities, and applications of plasma- and gas-based high-repetition-rate (1 kHz to 100 kHz) attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) beamlines developed at ELI ALPS, highlighting their potential for advancing various research fields.

The lens of your eye is made up of structural proteins called crystallins. This is why it’s sometimes called the “crystalline lens.” It has the highest concentration of proteins of almost any tissue in your body. These specialized proteins give the lens its transparency and focusing power. Mature crystallins have no nucleus or organelles — they lose them as they mature. This adds to their clarity and transparency.

The new C-2W Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostic consists of two individual subsystems for monitoring electron temperature (Te) and density (ne): one system in the central region is currently operational, and the second system is being commissioned to monitor the open field line region. Validating the performance of the TS’s custom designed system components and unique calibration of the detection system and diagnostic as a whole is crucial to obtaining high precision Te and ne profiles of C-2W’s plasma. The major components include a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser which produces 35 pulses at up to 20 kHz, uniquely designed collection lenses with a fast numerical aperture, and uniquely designed polychromators with filters sets to optimize a Te ranging from 10 eV to 2 keV. This paper describes the design principles and techniques used to characterize the main components of the TS diagnostic on C-2W, as well as the results of Rayleigh scattering calibrations performed for the whole system response.

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The lens of the eye is similar to the lens of a camera. It’s the part that focuses and transmits light to the back, where sensors convert it into visual data. The lens is a clear, curved structure that’s embedded deep within your eye (or camera). It absorbs light and bends it to converge at a single point behind it. This focuses the light for the sensors at the back — whether that’s camera film, digital sensors or, in your eye, the retina.

The eye lens is wrapped in a transparent, elastic capsule. Small, elastic fibers called zonules suspend the lens from the ciliary body above and below it. The ciliary body is a muscular membrane that sits behind your iris. Ciliary muscles help adjust the shape of the lens. When they contract, the zonules actually relax, allowing the lens to become rounder. This is how you focus on something close up.

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Your eye lens is the last membrane that light passes through before reaching your retina. It’s your eye’s chance to fine-tune your focus. Made up of clear, crystallin proteins, your eye lens flexes and changes its shape to bend the incoming light toward your retina. It’s a powerful design, but it does start to wear out as you get older.

But having no nucleus or organelles also prevents the cells from reproducing. This means they don’t “turn over,” as most of your body’s cells do. The cells arrange themselves in concentric layers, like tree rings. Throughout your life, new cells continue to grow at the outer edges of the circle, while the older cells compress toward the center. Eventually, the older cells at the center begin to show wear and tear.

The lens of the eye sits just behind your pupil, which is the dark spot in the middle of your iris, the colored part of your eye. The pupil is an opening that lets light into your eye. The iris controls the size of the opening and the amount of light coming in. Light passes through your pupil to the eye lens, which focuses it onto the retina behind it. This makes your eye lens the second-to-last layer in your eye.

Quantitative concentrations measurements using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence have been demonstrated for nitric oxide (NO) in flame. Fluorescence lifetimes measured using a picosecond Nd:YAG laser and optical parametric amplifier system have been used to directly compensate the measured signal for collisional quenching and evaluate NO concentration. The full evaluation also includes the spectral overlap between the ∼15 cm−1 broad laser pulse and multiple NO absorption lines as well as the populations of the probed energy levels. Effective fluorescence lifetimes of 1.2 and 1.5 ns were measured in prepared NO/N2/O2 mixtures at ambient pressure and temperature and in a premixed NH3-seeded CH4/N2/O2 flame, respectively. Concentrations evaluated from measurements in NO/N2/O2 mixtures with NO concentrations of 100–600 ppm were in agreement with set values within 3% at higher concentrations. An accuracy of 13% was estimated by analysis of experimental uncertainties. An NO profile measured in the flame showed concentrations of ∼1000 ppm in the post-flame region and is in good agreement with NO concentrations predicted by a chemical mechanism for NH3 combustion. An accuracy of 16% was estimated for the flame measurements. The direct concentration evaluation from time-resolved fluorescence allows for quantitative measurements in flames where the composition of major species and their collisional quenching on the probed species is unknown. In particular, this is valid for non-stationary turbulent combustion and implementation of the presented approach for measurements under such conditions is discussed.

While age-related wear and tear on your eye lenses is inevitable, taking care of your eyes can help delay the process and minimize the damage. That means protecting your eyes from UV rays with sunglasses and avoiding environmental pollutants as much as possible, particularly smoking and secondhand smoke. Having diabetes can increase your risk of cataracts. Managing it well can help reduce that risk.

When your lens starts to become less flexible and lose its focusing ability, you’ll start to have trouble focusing on things close-up. Presbyopia is essentially farsightedness (hyperopia) that happens with aging. You might find yourself holding reading materials farther away from you to read. Or you might just notice that your eyes get tired from reading or doing close work more easily than they used to.