Oct 5, 2022 — Put simply, a microscope is a tool that enhances the image of small objects so they can be more easily seen. But it's not the only device that ...

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When drawing what you see under the microscope, follow the format shown below. It is important to include a figure label and a subject title above the image. The species name (and common name if there is one) and the magnification at which you were viewing the object should be written below the image. All relevant parts of the drawing should be labelled on the right side of the image using straight lines. Lines should not cross. Drawings should be done in pencil, while labels should be in pen or typed. Remember that total magnification is determined by multiplying the ocular x objective.

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These will randomly change the laser phase-front producing intensity fluctuations and different absorption and scattering. Another challenge is optimal alignment between the transceiver elements. This can be achieved using highly directional and narrow beams of light, tracking errors on the receiver, and generating signal feedback to adjust alignment.

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FSO are communication systems in which the signal is propagating through the air or vacuum. One of the reasons why FSO are so attractive is because they offer great flexibility and relatively low cost to be deployed while providing high transmission data. For example, FSO networks can be configured for point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, multipoint-to-point, or multipoint-to-multipoint.

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Although the field of FSO also includes optical interconnects and satellite communications, here we will focus on systems where a line of sight between two ground-stations exists.

The depth of focus is greatest on the lowest power objective. Each time you switch to a higher power, the depth of focus is reduced. Therefore a smaller part of the specimen is in focus at higher power. Again, this makes it easier to find an object on low power, and then switch to higher power after it is in focus. A common exercise to demonstrate depth of focus involves laying three different colored threads one on top of the other. As the observer focuses down, first the top thread comes into focus, then the middle one, and finally the bottom one. On higer power objectives one may go out of focus as another comes into focus.

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A common solution for either element of the transceiver is to use a telescope-based configuration (either Galilean or Keplerian), replacing some of the single elements with achromats to reduce spherical aberrations. Most receivers may have multiple input ports. These multiple inputs help reduce the effects of atmospheric aberration and atenuations, as well as a way to make redundant paths and prevent blockage of the optical path.

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A varifocal lens is a manually adjustable zoom lens that allows you to control the focal length. The opening angle becomes larger by zooming out and smaller by ...

Jul 1, 2022 — A compound microscope condenser is an optical lens that aids in focusing light onto the objective lens while viewing what you're studying. If ...

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polarization, n. meanings, etymology, pronunciation and more in the Oxford English Dictionary.

The main objective of the receiver is to collect as much as possible of the incoming signal and to couple it either to a photodetector or an optical fiber. Therefore, the design of the receiver tends to be more crucial than the design of the transmitter. An important aspect is its alignment tolerance, i.e. how much the receiver is allowed to deviate from the optical axis.

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A previous post discussed underwater optical design. This week, we will review the diametrical opposite application – free-space optical communication (FSO). As with underwater optical design, one of the challenges facing FSO is the optical signal propagation through a highly variable medium. For example, atmospheric turbulence produces temporary pockets of air with slightly different indices of refraction.

The field of view is largest on the lowest power objective. When you switch to a higher power, the field of view closes in towards the center. You will see more of an object on low power. Therefore, it is best to find an object on low power, center it, and then switch to the next higher power and repeat.

To properly design an FSO system, we need to define requirements including range, data rate, and price. In terms of wavelengths, most FSO systems operate in the near-IR wavelength range between 750 and 1600 nm. The reason for this is due to the lower absorption at those wavelengths, although additional development exists at longer wavelengths (>5 micrometers) .

On the downside, FSO communication is affected by the mentioned atmospheric effects, which limits sensitivity and achievable data rates

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The list of most significant monochromatic eye aberrations includes defocus, astigmatism, coma, spherical aberration, and trefoil, as well as optical ...

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The main purpose of the transmitter optics is to produce a suitable beam divergence matching a desired beam diameter at the receiver. Without transmitter optics, the beam divergence would produce a beam too large to be of practical use (around 200m a distance of 500 m). Moreover, a desired feature of the transmitter optics is that it should add a minimum of aberrations (specially spherical aberration).

The compound microscope is a useful tool for magnifying objects up to as much as 1000 times their normal size. Using the microscope takes lots of practice. Follow the procedures below both to get the best results and to avoid damaging the equipment.

With over 15 years of experience and 500+ unique optical systems designed, Optics for Hire specializes in advanced optical engineering. If it uses light, we've worked on it.

a) Optical Interconnects, b) point-multipoint indoor FSO, c) Terrestrial FSO, d) satellite FSO. After Arun K. Majumdar “Optical Wireless Communications for Broadband Global Internet Connectivity. 2019. Chapter4. Elsevier