Hoya’s Pro ND range of circular filters comes in ND4 to ND1000 variants for a 2-stop to 10-stop shutter speed reduction. Most common filter thread diameters are catered for by the 49mm-82mm size range, though the frame is slightly deeper than with some rival filters, which could introduce minor vignetting when shooting with a very wide lens.

One of the most ubiquitous of these is Ra (Roughness average), which is derived from the differences between heights and depths on a surface. Ra surface ...

The Big Stopper is unrivaled in its ability to tame powerful light, rendering long exposures possible in even bright conditions, and the high-quality Lee glass also means that vignetting is kept to minimum.

Some filters, particularly cheaper ones, can have a marked effect on the color of an image, giving a warmer or cooler cast. This can be corrected easily enough in software, but is always worth being aware of before you choose your filter.

Want the best, money-no-object ND filter? The ProGlass IRND is hard to beat, thanks to its uncompromising optical quality. Read more below...

The main purpose of this dataset is providing images to test the color rendering on different displays and facilitate color adjustments.

... light switch - this switch lights up with an LED glow, making i. ... Leviton L5611-742 Decora LED Illuminated Rocker Single-Pole Switch, 15A, 120/277V, Non ...

It does all take a bit of setting up: you'll need a 100mm filter holder (Lee, predictably, recommends the LEE100 holder) as well as an adapter ring to get it onto your lens. Also, calculating exposures with such an extreme filtering effect can be a bit of a head-scratcher, so Lee has considerately made it easier with its companion app, which helps you work out the optimal exposure time for a balanced image.

Multi-photon microscopy · Two-photon excitation microscopy · Three photon microscopy · Second-harmonic imaging microscopy · Third-harmonic imaging microscopy ...

Available in 6- and 10-stop densities, these filters provide flawless color accuracy and premium manufacturing quality. Read more below...

During our testing of an Urth 10-stop filter, we were pleased with the accuracy of the rating, and by the level of detail our shots retained. We did notice some difference in color when we used Auto White Balance on two different makes of camera, although switching out of AWB killed the issue. But the attention to detail in the manufacture is impressive, as are the results it gives.

Our testing proved that the filters were as good as their marketing promised. The Z-Pro filters also precisely matched their f-stop light reduction range, so you know exactly what you're getting when you fix one on. The "Extreme" designation is there because the lenses are hardy and drop-resistant, a quality complemented by the Cokin EVO filter holder, which has an effective foam gasket to guard against light leaks.

Bear in mind that the Elements Big Stopper is currently only available in four filter thread sizes – 67mm, 72mm, 77mm and 82mm – so check your lens is compatible before buying. And if 10 stops feels like overkill, the 6-stop Little Stopper is also available as a Lee Elements circular filter.

The screw-in version of this iconic ND filter brand, beloved by landscape photographers, is highly effective at blocking light. Read more below...

ND filters come in two varieties – square and circular. Square filters slot in and out of a holder that is attached to the lens in advance, making them easy to slot on and off once you're set up and ready to go. Circular lenses screw directly onto a lens, so require less paraphernalia. However, many of them can't be used with ultra-wide lenses that have bulbous front elements. Neither type is better: it's all about personal preference and what best suits your setup.

Kase’s outsized filters are ideal for wide-angle lenses, whose field of view is too great for regular-sized filters, and they’re scratch-resistant too. Read more below...

Neutral density filters are made in different strengths, and there a few different scales that are used to measure this. Some manufacturers use an NDxx number; others can quote a number for the  optical density; and some use a figure to describe the light reduction in ‘stops’.

Ben is the Imaging Labs manager, responsible for all the testing on Digital Camera World and across the entire photography portfolio at Future. Whether he's in the lab testing the sharpness of new lenses, the resolution of the latest image sensors, the zoom range of monster bridge cameras or even the latest camera phones, Ben is our go-to guy for technical insight. He's also the team's man-at-arms when it comes to camera bags, filters, memory cards, and all manner of camera accessories – his lab is a bit like the Batcave of photography! With years of experience trialling and testing kit, he's a human encyclopedia of benchmarks when it comes to recommending the best buys.

These accessibly priced filters come in loads of diameters and densities, all with quality glass that maintains image sharpness. Read more below...

This selection of filters goes both smaller and bigger than the typical range, and the quality of the glass is first-class as well. Read more below…

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We've been hugely impressed by Cokin’s Nuances Extreme ND filters, which is why we've made the Z-Pro option our number-one pick for the best ND filters you can buy. Made with tempered mineral glass, these high-quality filters provide flawless color accuracy, and pitch-perfect sharpness in all corners of the frame. This is thanks to the nano metallic alloy coating, as well as the quality of the glass.

WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including lead, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer. For more information, go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.

Ben is the Imaging Labs manager, responsible for all the testing on Digital Camera World and across the entire photography portfolio at Future. Whether he's in the lab testing the sharpness of new lenses, the resolution of the latest image sensors, the zoom range of monster bridge cameras or even the latest camera phones, Ben is our go-to guy for technical insight. He's also the team's man-at-arms when it comes to camera bags, filters, memory cards, and all manner of camera accessories – his lab is a bit like the Batcave of photography! With years of experience trialling and testing kit, he's a human encyclopedia of benchmarks when it comes to recommending the best buys.

Consider a variable ND filter. These handy little filters have adjustable density, and are particularly useful for controlling exposure in video, see separate guide to best variable ND filters.

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This table compares the systems and shows how much slower a shutter speed each filter type will let you achieve with your camera.

Feb 19, 2024 — The discovery of light diffraction was monumental in optical physics because it proved light's wave-particle duality. That is, it proved ...

These aren't the cheapest option for ND filters, but they really are superb. The Nuances Extreme ND filters come in 6-stop and 10-stop densities, and are available in three sizes: P-size (84x100mm), Z-Pro (100x100mm), and X-Pro (130x130mm).

We also use a color accuracy chart and processing software to check if a filter is causing a color cast; if it is, we can measure the exact deviation from optimal color. We compare a filter's optical performance to its retail pricing, the range of filter sizes/diameters available, and its overall handling quality to give a final value rating.

If you want to capture deserted cityscapes, you'll need a very dense ND1000 (10-stop) filter to help slow down your shutter speed enough for moving people in your scene to effectively be 'blurred away'. A lighter (4-6 stop) filter will give a sufficient shutter speed reduction to smooth moving water.

The IRND name indicates that the filters are coated to block infrared and ultraviolet light, delivering better image contrast and clarity. Lee filters of years past were well known for having a cool color cast, but this is no longer the case, with the IRND line-up delivering pitch-perfect color accuracy in our testing. Sharpness was also top-notch, in both the corners and the center of the frame.

The filters fit into any standard holder of the correct size, but Kase chooses to place the light seal on the filter holder rather than the filter – so if you use another company’s holder that doesn’t have a seal, you could let some light in.

What is a Diffraction Grating? ... A diffraction grating is a passive optical component that redirects light incident upon the surface at an angle that is unique ...

While the Lee Big Stopper has been beloved of landscape photographers for many years now, some decried the fact that it was only available in the square format, requiring a separate holder to attach to a lens. Well, no longer – Lee Filters has heard your cries, and unveiled a version of its 10-stop ND, the Big Stopper, in a screw-on circular version.

If you own a lens with an especially small or large diameter, your choice of screw-in filters can be pretty limited – which is where companies like Urth come in. Its circular filter range comes in no fewer than 18 different sizes, from 37mm all the way up to 112mm. Each size is available in a choice of five densities running up to 10 stops. (Urth makes square filters and a holder too.)

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During our testing, we spotted a very slight color cast that is easily corrected, but no lessening of detail. We also liked the tough feel to the filters, and the fact that they are easy to clean.

A 77mm ProND 1000 compares well with similar rival filters on price, making it reasonable value for its decent image quality.

ND filters also come in different strengths – stronger filters cut down more light. They can be referred to in different ways; you might see terms like "ND 1.8" or "ND64" being used. The best thing to do is check the stop count, which all ND filters will specify. So in this instance, both the ND names we specified just then will cut down your exposure by six stops. It's much simpler to think of it that way!

Conventional square filters typically slot into a holder, but these simply snap on thanks to their magnetic frames. Read more below...

With neutral density filters, or ND filters, you have one of the most tried-and-tested tools for controlling light. Making long exposures possible in any and all light conditions, ND filters may seem simple, but they're vital for creating the kinds of photographic effects that simply aren't possible to replicate in post-processing. Any serious landscape photographer should have a set of ND filters in their bag – but which to choose?

A neutral density (ND) filter should simply block light transmission by its rated density - it should not impact image quality in any way. To test this, we run the same lab testing procedure as we would when reviewing a lens, both with and without the ND filter fitted. We then compare sharpness scores to see if the filter has had any effect on image sharpness, in any part of the image frame.

Bandpass filters are commonly used to transmit a well-defined wavelength band of the spectrum while rejecting both the long and short wavelength sides of ...

The Filter Plus+ series uses high-quality Schott glass, with coatings to aid light transmission and making cleaning easier. Each filter is supplied in a classy tin, with its size and strength on the lid so you don’t have to guess. If you like to use step rings to fit a filter on a smaller lens, there should be room in the tin for both filter and tep ring.

The stereo, stereoscopic or dissecting microscope is an optical microscope variant designed for low magnification observation of a sample, typically using ...

A circular ND filter is fantastic – as long as you only want to use it with one lens thread diameter. However, it's convenient to use and rarely lets in light leaks. If you want do want to adapt it for other lenses, you can use stepping rings to adapt a larger filter to fit a smaller lens (but you can't do this the other way round).

Neutral density filters should do what they say on the tin – remain neutral. While color casts can be corrected in image editing programs, the best ND filters shouldn't introduce any unwanted color effects. A decent ND filter shouldn't reduce sharpness at all, as any fuzziness from poor glass quality won't be fixable with image editing.

A square ND system holder opens up possibilities for stacking filters like a polarizer or graduated ND filters for images with even more appeal.

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As you’d expect, Hoya is keen to promote the ProND’s color neutrality and exposure accuracy, with features like a Metallic ACCU-ND coating on both sides of the glass. And whatever this really is, it does work. We tested the ND64 (6-stop) and ND1000 (10-stop) ProND versions and found them to have no negative impact on image sharpness at any point in the frame. Color accuracy was a shade off the standard set by the best square filters, but a 0.5% deviation from the ND64 and a 1.3% difference from the ND1000 won’t be visible in real-world shooting.

While they require a holder and an adaptor ring, the great thing about square ND filters is that they can be used with multiple lenses. To avoid disappointment, make sure the filter is attached properly to prevent light leaks.

Kase’s Wolverine range of filters is named to suggest toughness: each filter is coated to make it scratch-resistant, as well as water-repellent and anti-reflective. There are a choice of different sizes – some square, some rectangular – that go right up to 150 x 150mm, which can accommodate the broader field of view in a wide-angle lens. There’s a choice of five densities between three stops and a massive 16 stops – something for nearly everyone, in other words.

In terms of sheer quality, it's hard to beat Lee Filters. The firm's recent ProGlass IRND range delivers a new benchmark in ND filter performance; while, like all Lee stuff, it is not cheap, it's really some of the best you can get. With six density options going from two stops all the way up to a mega 15 stops, it's a superb choice for the photographer who needs the best.

The other thing to pay attention to is thread size, as it's how you make sure a filter will screw into the front of your lens.  Most filters come in different sizes, so make sure you get the right one for your lens.

A primer for the uninitiated: an ND filter is essentially a piece of darkened glass placed over the front of a lens. Made from high-quality elements in order to retain sharpness, an ND filter reduces the amount of light that reaches the camera sensor, thereby allowing for longer shutter speeds to be used. This makes it possible to create long-exposure effects like smooth water, traffic trails or ghost crowds at different times of day.