In addition to the modular test telescopes, collimators and autocollimators, we offer a range of other visual devices for a variety of measuring and testing tasks in the optical workshop.

The SIAM is a measuring device for determining the angle between the primary and secondary image on windscreens in accordance with ECE regulation ECE R43. The device consists of an eye-safe laser beam source (laser safety class 2), a testing telescope and the evaluation software. Due to the optical arrangement the measurement is independent of the distance between light source, windshield and testing telescope. The included software allows the automatic determination of the angle as well as the recording of the angle together with the corresponding measuring position on the windshield in a protocol.

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Interferometers are essential measurement tools for the production and quality control of optical components and systems. Their applications range from testing the flatness and sphericity of surfaces to measuring radii and testing the performance of optical systems.

Example of application: As eyepiece reticle for simplified measurement of tilting angles of plane mirrors in the unit of arcmin or as distances in the reticle plane

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Chromaticdispersion

Dispersion is a phenomenon associated with the refraction of light. Though it can occur with any type of wave and with any wavelength of light, it is often discussed with respect to visible light. Dispersion, after all, is the reason for rainbows!

Autocollimators are optical measuring instruments that can measure the smallest changes in the angular position of optical reflectors. In electronic autocollimators, the autocollimation image is detected by means of CCD lines or a matrix sensor. Electronic autocollimators are primarily used for the following measuring tasks: small angle measurement, ultra-precise angle adjustment and calibration, quality assurance of machine tools and their components, assembly automation, angular position monitoring. ELCOMAT® is a registered Union Trademark (EUTM 018002083), Trade Mark in CN, US (Int. Reg. No. 1476462)

Material dispersion occurs due to different indices of refraction in a medium depending on wavelength; waveguide dispersion occurs due to the structure of the waveguide causing light of different wavelengths to travel at different speeds. Another type of dispersion is called ​polarization mode dispersion​, where a light wave's speed depends on its polarization in the medium.

Reticles are a part of collimators, testing telescopes and autocollimators. All listed here reticles have a diameter of 12 mm and a thickness of 1 mm.

Collimators, testing telescopes and autocollimators from Möller-Wedel Optical GmbH have established an excellent worldwide reputation with scientific institutes and leading manufacturers in the mechanical and plant engineering as well as in the optical industry for decades. This reputation is based on the high quality of these devices with an almost unlimited service life and the modular principle developed by Möller-Wedel Optical GmbH.

Example of application: As an eyepiece reticle in combination with a single crossline reticle for adjustment and setups of optical systems.

Example of application: As an eyepiece reticle for measuring tilts of plane mirrors in the angle unit line. Note: The angle scale for autocollimators (AK) is designed to directly indicate the tilt angle of the mirror to be measured.

The index of refraction in materials tends to be higher for shorter wavelength blue light and lower for longer wavelength red light. This means blue light will travel more slowly through a dispersive medium than red light will.

Materialdispersion

The high-precision goniometers of the GONIOMAT product series are indispensable measuring instruments in optics manufacturing and quality control. They enable the angular measurement and inspection of optical prisms, polygon mirrors, wedge plates and angle measures with a measuring accuracy of up to 0.4 angular seconds. An overview of the technical data of all available models can be found here

​Waveguide dispersion​ is when the velocity of a light wave in a waveguide depends on its frequency because of the geometry of the waveguide's structure. In an optical fiber, both material and waveguide dispersion are usually present.

Commercial-quality film polarizers are available. These linear polarizers have 25% transmittance for unpolarized light.

The software is part of the GONIOMAT M and GONIOMAT A product series. It is characterized by a simple and sophisticated user interface and is executable under WINDOWS®10. The software enables standard-compliant evaluation of measurements (ISO 10110-1, VDI 2605 as well as DIN 3140) and offers comprehensive protocol functions. Further components of the software are tolerance specifications and checks as well as an innovative beam calculation based on ray-tracing.

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The ELCOMAT® HR is a measuring instrument for applications with the highest demands on accuracy. Ultrastable mechano-optical design and specially developed evaluation and calibration algorithms are the basis for the excellent accuracy. This makes the ELCOMAT® HR ideally suited as a reference instrument for national calibration institutes.

This Calctown Calculator calculates the magnification of compound microscope. Microscope Magnification Calculator

Example of application: As a collimator reticle in conjunction with a double crossline reticle for alignment or as an eyepiece reticle for adjusting diopter settings of eyepieces.

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The INTOMATIK-S software uses the static fringe evaluation method for calculating the surface shape deviation and is thus almost free of influences due to air turbulence or vibrations. However, the fringe evaluation does not achieve the same accuracy as the phase shift algorithm of the INTOMATIK-N software and also cannot automatically determine the sign of the surface shape deviation.

Example of application: As a collimator reticle for adjusting the image sharpness of imaging systems and for qualitative evaluation of image errors.

The LiveVIEWER software enables the intermediate image of the eyepiece reticle plane to be conveniently viewed on a screen and screenshots to be saved for the visual testing telescopes, autocollimators and alignment systems in combination with the Live Image Kit or a C-mount adapter and an industrial camera. The software always works in full screen mode.

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For ​material dispersion​, this means the index of refraction in a material differs slightly depending on wavelength. (Recall that the index of refraction is n = c/v, where ​c​ is the speed of light in a vacuum and ​v​ is the speed of light in the given medium.)

Dispersionin Physics

The GONIOMAT M series, with its combination of manually rotatable precision rotary table and software-supported evaluation of the angle encoder signals in relation to the autocollimation image, enables easy handling with frequently changing test specimen types and, at the same time, low measurement uncertainty. The goniometers are ideally suited for in-process production monitoring as well as incoming and outgoing inspection.

Example of application: As a collimator reticle for measuring tilts of plane mirrors in angular minutes. Note: The angle scale for autocollimators (AK) is designed to indicate the tilting angle of the mirror to be measured directly. If corresponding reticles  are used in collimators (K) for determining the image angle value, the result must be multiplied by 2.

When white light is incident on a triangular prism, for example, the dispersing of the different wavelengths causes separation of light by different color, creating a rainbow.

Diopter telescopes are adjustable focus telescopes that serve the measurement of optical power of lenses in diopter. The measuring result can be directly read from the diopter graduation.

Fore, Meredith. Dispersion (Optics): Definition, Formula & Examples last modified March 24, 2022. https://www.sciencing.com/dispersion-optics-definition-formula-examples-13722362/

Our products have been used for decades in institutes, universities and large research facilities for teaching and research.

Each ELCOMAT® direct N consists of the autocollimation sensor and the software ELCOdirect. ELCOdirect can be used with Microsoft® Windows and a current PC, laptop or notebook. The autocollimation sensor is connected to the computer via the USB interface. A Microsoft® Windows Dynamic Link Library (DLL), autocollimation function, is included with the software ELCOdirect. ELCOMAT® is a registered Union Trademark (EUTM 018002083), Trade Mark in CN, US (Int. Reg. No. 1476462)

Fore, Meredith. (2020, December 28). Dispersion (Optics): Definition, Formula & Examples. sciencing.com. Retrieved from https://www.sciencing.com/dispersion-optics-definition-formula-examples-13722362/

A slightly more complex type of dispersion is ​group velocity dispersion​. Light waves can travel in "wave packets," also known as "signals" or "pulses," and the velocity of those pulses is called a group velocity. Within the pulses are wave components of different frequencies; group velocity dispersion occurs when these components start to separate due to having different velocities in the medium. The pulse then begins to "spread out," losing information. This degradation of signal is a big problem in optical communications systems that use optical fibers.

Example of application: As collimator reticle for testing of the resolution, infinity setting or contrast of imaging systems.

Example of application: As eyepiece reticle for the measurement of tilting angles of plane mirrors as distances in the reticle plane

The Micro-Interferometer VI-direct extends the range of flatness testing to the domain of smallest diameters. The Fizeau-type interferometer is able to measure the surface flatness of optical parts with a diameter between approx. 0.8 mm to 3.6 mm. The cost effective Micro-Interferometer VI-direct can be used for testing of optical parts like micro-prisms, laser crystals, fiber endings etc..

Example of application: As an eyepiece reticle for measuring tilts of plane mirrors in angular minutes. Note: The angle scale for autocollimators (AK) is designed to indicate the tilt angle of the mirror to be measured directly. If corresponding retilces are used in testing telescopes (F) for determining the image angle value, the result must be multiplied by 2.

The CIFOS is a measuring device for measuring and checking centering tolerances of optical systems. Contact us and tell us the key points of your lens system to be checked, such as the diameter of the optics, surface radii and coating of the individual surfaces, and we will create a customized measurement solution.

The fully automatic goniometer GONIOMAT APLUS is the perfect measuring instrument for measuring and testing of angles, optical prisms, polygon mirrors, wedges and angle gauge blocks. The thoughtful mechanic-optical design and the innovative hard- and software guarantee the high reliability of measurement results and an excellent accuracy of 0.4 arcsecond.

The development, design and manufacture of machines is always in the area of conflict between economic efficiency and precision. Our products support you in the precise measurement of your machine components.

Fore, Meredith. "Dispersion (Optics): Definition, Formula & Examples" sciencing.com, https://www.sciencing.com/dispersion-optics-definition-formula-examples-13722362/. 28 December 2020.

The auxiliary device for the GONIOMAT for angle measurement of prisms with fine ground surfaces. It consists of a collimator f=100 D40 and a deflection system for subsequent mounting on the granite plate of an existing GONIOMAT M5, M 10 or A5. The extension enables the measurement of ground prisms (roughness Rq = 1 .0 µm or less) with a maximum measurement uncertainty of 10 arc seconds.

How much a material actually disperses light is measured by a parameter called Abbe's number. To calculate Abbe's number, you need to measure several indices of refraction in the material that come from the characteristic light emissions of certain elements; these light emissions happen only at certain exact wavelengths, creating individual lines at each of those wavelengths in the spectrum, and the pattern of these lines is unique to each element.

Waveguidedispersion

How much light bends when passing from one medium into another is determined by Snell's law. For an angle of incidence ​_θi​ and angle of refraction ​θr_​,

In direct comparison to its predecessor ELCOMAT® 3000, the ELCOMAT® 5000 features a 10-fold higher measuring frequency in addition to a larger measuring range and a better signal-to-noise ratio due to direct signal processing in the measuring head. In addition, internal position sensors can be used for fast and precise alignment of the measuring head and on-the-fly straightness measurement in interaction with the new 5000 display unit.

Dispersion opticsformula

Due to the phase shifting algorithm the software INTOMATIK-N offers higher accuracy and a larger measuring range with respect to surface form deviations in comparison to the INTOMATIK-S. Additionally the sign of the surface form deviation is automatically determined.

For optics manufacturing at the highest level, we offer the appropriate measuring equipment. We have been at home in optics since 1864 and have developed into a specialist in the field of optical manufacturing.

Dispersion opticsapplications

With the direct signal digitization in the sensor head, the high user-friendliness and extended functions of the display unit 5000 the ELCOMAT® vario N sets a new standard in the ELCOMAT® product line. Like its predecessor ELCOMAT® vario D, the low-cost ELCOMAT® vario N autocollimation sensors can be supplied with a wide range of objective tubes. This variety allows you to choose the most suitable ELCOMAT® vario N for your specific measuring task.

The GONIOMAT A5 does not require compressed air to achieve a measurement accuracy of 1.0 arc seconds. The user-friendly control is done by the proven GONIOMATIK Software. It is the cost-effective alternative to the fully automatic GONIOMAT APlus.

Dispersionin optical fiber

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The indices of refraction needed to calculated Abbe's number are: the index of the blue ​F​ line of hydrogen, the yellow ​D​ lines of sodium and the red C line of hydrogen. These are three different wavelengths of light that will all have different indices of refraction in the medium, and the Abbe's number for the medium is then calculated using the following equation:

Dispersion, sometimes more specifically called ​chromatic dispersion​, occurs when the velocities of different components of a light wave depend on the wavelengths of those components. Specific types of chromatic dispersion are defined by what causes the dependence of velocity on wavelength.

If a light wave travels from a medium with a high refractive index to one with a much lower index, with a large-enough angle of incidence, Snell's law requires the sine of the angle of refraction to be greater than 1. This is technically impossible, and it means that the light wave won't reflect at all; in fact, it will entirely reflect off of the boundary between the two mediums. This is called total internal reflection.

The ELCOdirect software is already included in the scope of delivery of the ELCOMAT® direct product line. The software can automatically and simultaneously detect up to 10 cross positions and automatically determine the wedge angle or the 90° angle error of 90° prisms. Note: Executable under Windows® / The software is not suitable for the ELCOMAT® product line!

Our square telescopes and collimators are used on flat reference surfaces to align supporting surfaces to the optical axis.

Our optical measuring devices support adjustment and alignment tasks as well as angular position monitoring in the manufacturing process.