Nd:YAG lasers are frequently used to build optical tweezers for biological applications. This is because Nd:YAG lasers mostly emit at a wavelength of 1064 nm. Biological samples have a low absorption coefficient at this wavelength, as biological samples are usually mostly made up of water. [37] As such, using an Nd:YAG laser minimizes the damage to the biological sample being studied.

Researchers from Japan's National Institutes of Natural Sciences are developing laser igniters that use YAG chips to ignite fuel in an engine, in place of a spark plug.[38][39] The lasers use several 800 picosecond long pulses to ignite the fuel, producing faster and more uniform ignition. The researchers say that such igniters could yield better performance and fuel economy, with fewer harmful emissions.

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The next step up in complexity for magnifying glasses is an achromatic doublet. This type of lens is made of two different kinds of glass, crown glass and flint glass. Window glass is a type of crown glass, and fine crystal is an example of flint glass. By gluing together one piece of each type of glass, with the right curvatures, a greatly improved magnifying glass can be made. Achromatic doublets can give 0.8 micron resolution at 5X and 1.4 micron resolution at 10X, making them useful for both of these magnifications. However, there is one problem with achromatic doublets as magnifiers: they work well with the crown glass toward the eye, but not in reverse. This means that you have to be careful how you hold them for them to work properly.

1064 nm LaserDiode

For many applications, the infrared light is frequency-doubled or -tripled using nonlinear optical materials such as lithium triborate to obtain visible (532 nm, green) or ultraviolet light.[46] Cesium lithium borate generates the 4th and 5th harmonics of the Nd:YAG 1064 nm fundamental wavelength.[47] A green laser pointer is a frequency doubled Nd:YVO4 diode-pumped solid state laser (DPSS laser).[48] Nd:YAG can be also made to lase at its non-principal wavelength. The line at 946 nm is typically employed in "blue laser pointer" DPSS lasers, where it is doubled to 473 nm.[49][50][51]

1064 nm lasermaterial

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Another important factor in our understanding is the resolution of the human eye. At the accepted minimum distance for focus, 250 mm (10″), the eye can resolve about 40 microns (0.0015″). For a magnifier, to be useful, it must give us better resolution than that. More specifically, a magnifying glass should improve our ability to resolve detail by an amount equal to the magnification. Putting numbers to this, a 2X magnifier must give us resolution of 20 microns (40 microns / 2), a 5X magnifier must give us 8 micron resolution (40 microns / 5), and a 10X magnifier must give us 4 microns (40 microns / 10).

A range of Nd:YAG lasers are used in analysis of elements in the periodic table. Though the application by itself is fairly new with respect to conventional methods such as XRF or ICP, it has proven to be less time consuming and a cheaper option to test element concentrations. A high-power Nd:YAG laser is focused onto the sample surface to produce plasma. Light from the plasma is captured by spectrometers and the characteristic spectra of each element can be identified, allowing concentrations of elements in the sample to be measured.[citation needed]

Laser peening typically uses a high energy (10 to 40 joule) 10 to 30 nanosecond pulse. The laser beam is focused down to a few millimeters in diameter to deposit gigawatts of power on the surface of a part. Laser peening is unlike other manufacturing processes in that it neither heats nor adds material; it is a mechanical process of cold working the metallic component to impart compressive residual stresses. Laser peening is widely used in gas-fired turbine engines in both aerospace and power generation to increase strength and improve resistance to damage and metal fatigue.[35]

Nd:YAG lasers are used in manufacturing for engraving, etching, or marking a variety of metals and plastics, or for metal surface enhancement processes like laser peening.[34] They are extensively used in manufacturing for cutting and welding steel, semiconductors and various alloys. For automotive applications (cutting and welding steel) the power levels are typically 1–5 kW. Super alloy drilling (for gas turbine parts) typically uses pulsed Nd:YAG lasers (millisecond pulses, not Q-switched). Nd:YAG lasers are also employed to make subsurface markings in transparent materials such as glass or acrylic glass and in white and transparent polycarbonate for identity documents. Lasers of up to 2 kW are used for selective laser melting of metals in additive layered manufacturing. In aerospace applications, they can be used to drill cooling holes for enhanced air flow/heat exhaust efficiency.[citation needed]

Nd:YAG lasers emitting light at 1064 nm have been the most widely used laser for laser-induced thermotherapy, in which benign or malignant lesions in various organs are ablated by the beam.

1064 nm LaserEngraver

Jul 3, 2023 — The eyepiece or ocular lens is the part of the microscope closest to your eye when you bend over to look at a specimen. An eyepiece usually ...

A simple 2X magnifier (an equi-convex lens) is able to resolve 12 microns, so it does indeed help. However, a 5X simple magnifier is also limited to 12 micron resolution. Using the rule in the last paragraph, a 5X magnifier should give us 8 micron resolution. This means that a simple magnifying glass is limited to about 4X. After that, it does not help us see finer detail.

Nd:YAG lasers, mainly via their second and third harmonics, are widely used to excite dye lasers either in the liquid[44] or solid state.[45] They are also used as pump sources for vibronically broadened solid-state lasers such as Cr4+:YAG or via the second harmonic for pumping Ti:sapphire lasers.

1064 nm laserfacial

During the Iran–Iraq War, Iranian soldiers suffered more than 4000 cases of laser eye injury, caused by a variety of Iraqi sources including tank rangefinders. The 1064 nm wavelength of Nd:YAG is thought to be particularly dangerous, as it is invisible and initial exposure is painless.[40]

In oncology, Nd:YAG lasers can be used to remove skin cancers.[13] They are also used to reduce benign thyroid nodules,[14] and to destroy primary and secondary malignant liver lesions.[15][16]

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The symmetry problem can be solved by making a sandwich with three pieces of glass. Either flint glass on the outside and crown in the middle or the other way around could work, but putting the flint on the outside gives much better resolution. This type of magnifier is called a Hastings or Steinheil magnifier, after the inventors. It is capable of 1.8 micron resolution at 5X and 1 micron resolution at 10X, making it useful for both of these magnifications.

1064 nm laserhair removal

Nd:YAG 1064 Laser ... Nd:YAG stands for neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet; Nd:Y3Al5O12. It is a crystal that is used as a lasing medium for solid-state ...

To understand the need for advanced magnifying glasses, we need to discuss the limitations of simple magnifiers. The critical piece of knowledge is that a magnifying glass with perfectly made spherical surfaces does not form a perfect image. Understanding the reason for this requires an understanding of aberrations, which is an advanced topic. For now, I’ll just point out that fact.

Nd:YAG lasers are optically pumped using a flashtube or laser diodes. These are one of the most common types of laser, and are used for many different applications. Nd:YAG lasers typically emit light with a wavelength of 1064 nm, in the infrared.[3] However, there are also transitions near 946, 1120, 1320, and 1440 nm. Nd:YAG lasers operate in both pulsed and continuous mode. Pulsed Nd:YAG lasers are typically operated in the so-called Q-switching mode: An optical switch is inserted in the laser cavity waiting for a maximum population inversion in the neodymium ions before it opens. Then the light wave can run through the cavity, depopulating the excited laser medium at maximum population inversion. In this Q-switched mode, output powers of 250 megawatts and pulse durations of 10 to 25 nanoseconds have been achieved.[4] The high-intensity pulses may be efficiently frequency doubled to generate laser light at 532 nm, or higher harmonics at 355, 266 and 213 nm.

The amount of the neodymium dopant in the material varies according to its use. For continuous wave output, the doping is significantly lower than for pulsed lasers. The lightly doped CW rods can be optically distinguished by being less colored, almost white, while higher-doped rods are pink-purplish.[citation needed]

Nd:YAG lasers are used in ophthalmology to correct posterior capsular opacification,[6] after cataract surgery, for peripheral iridotomy in patients with chronic[7] and acute angle-closure glaucoma,[8] where it has largely superseded surgical iridectomy,[9] for the treatment of vitreous eye floaters,[10] for pan-retinal photocoagulation in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy,[11] and to damage the retina in ophthalmology animal research.[12]

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1064-nmlaserskin treatment

These lasers are also used extensively in the field of cosmetic medicine for laser hair removal and the treatment of minor vascular defects such as spider veins on the face and legs. Nd:YAG lasers are also used to treat venous lake lip lesions.[19] Recently Nd:YAG lasers have been used for treating dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, a rare skin disease.[20]

To treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Nd:YAG lasers can be used for laser prostate surgery—a form of transurethral resection of the prostate.[17][18]

The atoms of a magnetic material are themselves tiny magnets. When groups of magnetic atoms are lined up in the same direction they're called a magnetic domain.

The Nd:YAG may be used in the application of cavity ring-down spectroscopy, which is used to measure the concentration of some light-absorbing substance.[43]

Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet; Nd:Y3Al5O12) is a crystal that is used as a lasing medium for solid-state lasers. The dopant, neodymium in the +3 oxidation state, Nd(III), typically replaces a small fraction (1%) of the yttrium ions in the host crystal structure of the yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), since the two ions are of similar size.[1] It is the neodymium ion which provides the lasing activity in the crystal, in the same fashion as red chromium ion in ruby lasers.[1]

Nd:YAG absorbs mostly in the bands between 730–760 nm and 790–820 nm.[3] At low current densities krypton flashlamps have higher output in those bands than do the more common xenon lamps, which produce more light at around 900 nm. The former are therefore more efficient for pumping Nd:YAG lasers.[5]

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The Chinese ZM-87 blinding laser weapon uses a laser of this type, though only 22 have been produced due to their prohibition by the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. North Korea is reported to have used one of these weapons against American helicopters in 2003.[41][42]

1064 nm lasertattoo removal

Nd:YAG dental lasers have been used for the removal of dental caries as an alternative to drill therapy, although evidence supporting its use is of low quality.[25] They have also been used for soft tissue surgeries in the oral cavity, such as gingivectomy,[26][27] periodontal sulcular debridement,[28] LANAP,[29] and pulpotomy.[30] Nd:YAG dental lasers have also been shown to be effective at treating and preventing dental hypersensitivity,[31] as an adjunct for periodontal instrumentation,[32] and for the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis.[33]

In podiatry, the Nd:YAG laser is being used to treat onychomycosis, which is fungus infection of the toenail.[22] The merits of laser treatment of these infections are not yet clear, and research is being done to establish effectiveness.[23][24]

1064 nm lasercolor

Spherical aberration occurs when light rays at or near the edge (or margin) of the lens focus at a different location than those that enter the lens at or near ...

Other common host materials for neodymium are: YLF (yttrium lithium fluoride, 1047 and 1053 nm), YVO4 (yttrium orthovanadate, 1064 nm), and glass. A particular host material is chosen in order to obtain a desired combination of optical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Nd:YAG lasers and variants are pumped either by flashtubes, continuous gas discharge lamps, or near-infrared laser diodes (DPSS lasers). Prestabilized laser (PSL) types of Nd:YAG lasers have proved to be particularly useful in providing the main beams for gravitational wave interferometers such as LIGO, VIRGO, GEO600 and TAMA.[citation needed]

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Resolution is the main distinction between the two types of triplet magnifiers. At 10X the Hastings gives acceptable resolution over a 5 mm (1/5″) diameter while the Steinheil is acceptable out to almost 6 mm (1/4″). This is a small enough difference that either one would work well. However, the comparison changes substantially at 20X. The Hastings triplet has a spot size of about 3 microns at best, which is 50% larger than it should be to give the maximum amount of detail. Steinheil’s design exceeds the required resolution over the central 1.5mm (1/16″), so I would prefer it for high magnification. The only caveat is that the resolution of the Steinheil falls off much more quickly than the Hastings as you move away from the center of the object. For this reason, the performance of a 20X Steinheil is worse than a similar Hastings outside of the central 1.5 mm (1/16″) diameter. The bottom line is that I’d buy a Steinheil for 20X, but either is acceptable at 10X. If you need more magnification than that, you need a microscope.

Both of the pictured magnifiers have a focal length of 12.5 mm (1/2″) so they give 20X magnification. These designs are taken from the Edmund Optics catalog, and unmounted lenses are available for purchase here (Steinheil) and here (Hastings) Edmund Optics Inc. kindly provides the lens prescriptions so an optical engineer can evaluate the performance. To calculate the resolution, I assumed that the eye was placed 20 mm from the lens and the pupil size was 3 mm diameter, which is a reasonable estimate for a well-lit room. For the experts reading this page I should note that the diffraction limit is about 2 microns for this setup, which is the same as the eye’s resolution at 20X.

Nd:YAG lasers can be used for flow visualization techniques in fluid dynamics (for example particle image velocimetry or laser-induced fluorescence).[36]