Fischer et al. focused again on the pathogenic bacterium H. pylori, which was acquired multiple type IV secretion systems (T4SSs). H. pylori encodes up to four T4SSs on its chromosome, namely the Cag T4SS present in the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), the ComB system, as well as the Tfs3 and Tfs4 T4SSs, some of which exhibit unique T4SS functions. The authors nicely highlighted the current knowledge on these four T4SSs and the involved mechanisms with consequences for H. pylori adaptation to the hostile environment in the human stomach.

CODIXX AG Steinfeldstraße 3 39179 Barleben Germany      Phone: +49 (0) 3 92 03/ 9 63-0 Fax: +49 (0) 3 92 03/ 9 63-33 www.codixx.decolorPol(at)codixx(dot)de

The special production technology of CODIXX allows the size, density and orientation of the nanoparticles to be precisely determined. The zeppelin-like shape creates a long and short axis that are required for the polarization properties. Depending on the wavelength, they absorb all transverse waves of light and only allow those along the axes of symmetry to pass.

Polarizer material

BF-365LX External UV-A Pass Filter is compatible with Opti-LUX flashlights.

Taken together, the set of papers offered by this special issue showed that the bacterial mobilome is a key element to address the evolutionary, ecological, and pathogenicity success of bacteria.

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The epigenetic DNA-based methylation plays important roles in gene expression regulation. Yano et al. described a gene expression regulation network in H. pylori consisting of many DNA methyltransferases each frequently changing its target sequence-specificity in search for adaptation. H. pylori carries a large and variable repertoire of sequence-specific DNA methyltransferases, and motility, oxidative stress tolerance, and DNA damage repair are likewise regulated by multiple methyltransferases. The network provides a new paradigm in understanding global gene regulation and adaptive evolution.

Feb 10, 2006 — It also sticks to itself, making it great if you need to overlap (which seems inevitable when doing it a piece at a time). There was a tiny ...

Citation: Vale FF, Lehours P and Yamaoka Y (2022) Editorial: The Role of Mobile Genetic Elements in Bacterial Evolution and Their Adaptability. Front. Microbiol. 13:849667. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.849667

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All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.

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The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Polarizer film

Next, a group of manuscripts highlights the role of mobile genetic elements in bacteria pathogenicity, or their use for epidemiologic purposes.

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Copyright © 2022 Vale, Lehours and Yamaoka. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

colorPol® polarizers are optimized for applications with special demands regarding contrast, transmission, accuracy of the polarization axis or for applications in the ultraviolet and infrared spectral range. Applications include:

Photographers use circular polarizing filters* to reduce reflections from reflecting surfaces as much as possible and to increase contrast. Reflections occur on almost all surfaces and even in the air due to tiny particles, so polarizing filters can make plants appear greener, the sky bluer, and underwater objects visible.  Colors become deeper and images more dramatically so. Of the adjacent images, A was taken without a polarizing filter and B with. The differences are clearly visible.

Sequencing technology is evolving rapidly, and so-called third-generation sequencing technology (such as PacBio RS II) becomes popular. Using PacBio RS II, Xu et al. focused on the Bacillus velezensis HAB-2, that is used as a biological control agent in agricultural fields. Comparative analysis of B. velezensis HAB-2 with other Bacillus spp. strains revealed obvious differences in the prophage region. The prophage regions and genes encoding PPTases may provide novel insight for the bacteriostatic mechanism of Bacillus in the biological control of plant diseases.

What are polarizersused for

Polarized light only oscillates in one plane and linearly polarized light only in a certain direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

colorPol® polarizers always work in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectrum of light, but are optimized in terms of transmission and contrast for individual areas. It is important here that the short axis (blue) in the UV absorbs the short-wave light waves and only the waves along the long axis can pass. Between 420 nm and 450 nm, the absorption changes to the long axis and polarization is not possible. The area can be moved slightly but not avoided completely.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Moving into another microorganism, Escherichia coli presents many accessory genes acquired by horizontal transfer that form syntenic blocks and are recognized as genomic islands (GIs). These genomic regions contribute to the rapid evolution, diversification, and adaptation of E. coli variants. In the paper by Desvaux et al. the authors reviewed a subgroup of GIs from E. coli termed pathogenicity islands which contribute to the emergence of virulent bacteria and to the development of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases.

Keywords: mobile elements (MEs), evolution, adaptability, bacteriophage, virulence factors, insertion sequence (Is), restriction and modification

A more detailed description of the operating principle of colorPol® polarizers and polarization can be found in our publication How colorPol® polarizers work.

Polarizer Filter

Diverse CRISPR-Cas systems constitute an indispensable part of the bacterial adaptive immune system against viral infections. However, to escape from this immune system, bacteriophages have also evolved corresponding anti-defense measures. Wang et al. investigated the diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems and the presence of prophages in the genomes of 66 Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum strains. Their results indicated that the competition between B. pseudocatenulatum and phages is a major driving factor for the genomic diversity of both partners.

From 450 nm the long symmetry axis (red) takes over the absorption. This change is the reason for different polarization axes in the UV and VIS-IR range of colorPol® polarizers.

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How dopolarizerswork physics

colorPol® polarizers are made of sodium silicate glass only 0.2 to 0.5 mm thick and silver nanoparticles. These particles are embedded in the glass near the two surfaces and are thus protected from environmental influences. Depending on the polarizer, the layer of silver particles is up to 10 µm thick.

Light generated by any light source (sun, fire, lamp, etc.) propagates as unpolarized light. Reflection or refraction on surfaces or small particles in the air also changes the light waves, so that a special polarizer is necessary if polarized light is required.

Polarizer examples

Radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus geothermalis has a total of 73 IS in genomes, and some of them are actively transposed to other loci with replicative mode due to the oxidative stress of hydrogen peroxide treatment. Lee et al. described that LysR family member gene disrupted strain (Δdgeo_2840) revealed higher resistance to oxidative stress than wild type strain at the late exponential growth phase. The authors concluded that there is a LysR family DNA-binding protein dependent active transposition of specific types of IS and the up-regulated OxyR has not positively controlled ROS scavenger enzymes in D. geothermalis.

Last but not least, the mechanism of adaptive immune systems against bacteriophages and the role of prophages in bacterial diversity are addressed.

Since their discovery, the mechanisms of persistence and interaction of mobile elements with the bacterial genome have been increasingly studied. This special issue, through the presentation of pertinent and important examples of distinct mobile elements (genomic islands, pathogenicity islands, insertion sequences, prophages, and restriction and modifications systems), either by reviewing, showing new aspects, or presenting new bioinformatics tools, shows the importance of comprehending the biology of mobile genetic elements.

Insertions sequences (IS), in particular IS900, is exclusively present in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), being used as an epidemiological marker. Conde et al. developed a bioinformatics tool, named IS900 RFLP in silico, that analyses the distribution and polymorphisms of IS900 by performing an in silico RFLP analysis, over complete Map genomes. Thus, the developed tool contributes to the better understanding of Map evolution and to studying the biological implications of IS900 insertions.

The bacterial mobilome, i.e., the group of all mobile elements present in a bacterial genome, are important players in bacterial evolution, shaping the host genome through complex interactions between the mobile element and host bacteria. Mobile element is a generic term for a multitude of genomic sequences, such as plasmids, prophages, pathogenicity islands, restriction and modification systems, transposons, and insertion sequences, among others, that share the ability to be transmitted vertically with cell division or through horizontal transfer. Thus, they are able to move within the host genome as well as jump across genomes, shaping and co-evolving with chromosomal genomes. Mobile elements can change their insertion location, copy number, provide new gene functions, or affect chromosomal gene expression. Mobile elements are known to potentiate gene gain and loss, a major force that can profoundly change bacterial fitness. This change can contribute to the genetic adaptation to new environments and the emergence of divergent bacterial populations that may produce evolutionary distinct species.

Polarizers can be found in many places in our modern world. Sometimes they sit on the user's nose in 3-D glasses, are carried around by every smartphone owner, are buried in the ground with fiber optic cables, or fly through space in a space telescope.

Examples ofpolarizersin Physics

by TW Cronin · 2011 · Cited by 148 — By contrast, polarization of light in water, while visible in most directions of view, is generally much weaker. In air, the surfaces of natural objects often ...

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Bacteriophages are the most common biological entity, establishing complex phage-bacteria interactions. Munoz et al. presented an up-to-date review of the bacteriophages found in the human gut pathogen H. pylori. The authors discuss the impact of the prophages in the genomic diversity, virulence, and fitness of H. pylori. Moreover, in this study it is examined whether these viral particles can be used as a therapeutic alternative (phage therapy) to address bacterial resistance and improve infection eradication rates.

What are polarizersin physics

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Light can be described as a transverse electromagnetic wave that oscillates transversely to the direction of propagation. Usually only the direction of propagation and the electric field vector are described, since the magnetic field vector can be derived from them. Oscillations in all directions of the room are possible perpendicular to the direction of discharge.