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Wireless communication has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, driven by a growing demand for higher data rates and capacity. As traditional radio frequency (RF) and microwave technologies struggle to keep pace with these growing requirements, free-space optical communication (FSOC) has emerged as a frontrunner, to address bandwidth limitations and last-mile connectivity challenges (see Fig. 1).

VynZ Research’s report “Global Free Space Optics Market – Analysis and Forecast (2025-2030)”, forecasts a 30% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for FSOC between 2025 and 2030, with the global market, led by the U.S., to reach a value of $1.9B, up from just $550M in 2023.

Because of its long focal length and narrow field of view, a telephoto lens makes near and distant objects seem closer together and more similar in size than they appear in real life. This effect is known as "foreshortening" or "perspective compression".

Atmospheric conditions have, until recently, been a limiting factor in distance and bandwidth capabilities in FSOC. But techniques to mitigate these, such as adaptive optics, are now used and result in improved data rates for a given bit error rate (BER).

The future of FSOC looks promising and ongoing research and development is targeting enhancing system performance and expanding its applications.

In terrestrial applications, FSOC promises to be a cost-effective alternative to fiber-optic systems for high-speed connections in multipoint scenarios, such as large organizations or remote areas. Furthermore, its high capacity and low latency make it a promising technology for 5G backhaul links. Some hybrid systems are evolving that combine RF and FSOC technologies to provide greater reliability by adapting to varying weather conditions and interference levels.

Telephoto lenses use a special construction to achieve a focal length greater than their physical length. There are two different ways of doing this:

Refractive telephoto lenses, also known as "negative" lenses, use two lens groups (known as "lens elements"). The first element bends the light inwards, and the second element straightens it out again before it hits the film or sensor. This has the effect of shortening the distance the light must travel, while still ensuring it hits the sensor at the correct angle.

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A mirror lens, also known as a "reflex lens" or "catadioptric lens", uses mirrors rather than lenses to alter the path of light. The light enters through the front lens as normal, but is then reflected back on itself by a curved mirror. The light then hits a second mirror on the back of the front lens, which bounces it back towards the sensor.

When hand holding your camera, use the fastest shutter speed you can. A good rule of thumb is to use a shutter speed that at least matches your focal length - for example, when using a 200mm lens, you should use a shutter speed of 1/200th or faster.

Compared to wireless systems, FSOC can operate with lower power consumption—which reduces cost and environmental impact. Narrow FSOC beams are also more focused than wireless emissions, and it boosts the received signal strength and mitigates the need for high-power transmitters. And antenna designs can be more compact using optics compared to RF. This reduces installation space constraints and aesthetic impact, which can be important where there is local sensitivity toward their presence. For cases in which the security of communications is important, FSOC systems may be preferred over wireless links because eavesdropping on optical links is technically challenging and the risk of interception is relatively low.

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These lenses are popular with sports and action photographers who can get quite close to the action, for example standing on the sidelines. For this type of photography, aperture is critical in minimising blur, particularly when photographing fast-moving subjects.

Quality varies greatly in the telephoto lens market. Unless you are on a very tight budget or are just looking to experiment, avoid mirror lenses in favour of superior refractive lenses.

The longest lenses have telescope-like magnification, making them great for astrophotography, although they can be extremely expensive.

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1550 nm is a commonly preferred wavelength for FSOC. It is a sufficiently longer wavelength than visible light, so it’s “eye safe” if people encounter the signal, and avalanche photodiodes (APDs)—based on indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) APDs—exhibit peak sensitivity to IR light at this wavelength. The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute states that 1550-nm beams are 50x safer than those at 850 nm, which were also proposed for FSOC.

FSOC operates on a straightforward principle: the transmission of modulated laser light through the air between a transmitter and receiver. This process involves lenses or parabolic mirrors to narrow and project the light toward the receiver where it is captured and focused onto an optical detector, typically a semiconductor photodiode. The optical signal is converted into an electrical one for processing (see Fig. 2).

The first high-capacity space-to-ground laser communication system was installed on the Bartolomeo platform of the International Space Station (ISS) as part of a collaboration between Airbus Defense and Space, the Institute of Communications and Navigation of DLR (German Aerospace Center), and Tesat-Spacecom GmbH & Co. KG. The 2018 project, called OSIRIS, was designed to provide direct-to-earth (DTE) technology with a data rate of 10 Gbit/s over a range of about 1,500 km.

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Focal lengths typically start at around 85mm and extend up to 800mm and beyond. Longer focal lengths are able to capture more distant detail, but are also more expensive, bigger, and heavier.

Christian Rookes is VP of marketing at Phlux Technology, a manufacturer of avalanche photodiode (APD) infrared sensors based in Sheffield, U.K. He has more than 25 years’ experience in technical marketing in semiconductor and optical communication fields. Rookes holds a BSc in Engineering and Physics from Loughborough University and an MBA Essentials Certificate from the London School of Economics. He holds two patents, including one related to impedance matching for laser diode circuits.

Until recently, the sensitivity of 1550-nm APDs was limited by the internal noise generated within the devices, which limited the range and data rates achievable in FSOC systems. But in early 2024, noiseless InGaAs APDs were announced by Phlux Technology. These sensors, which add an antimony alloy to the compound semiconductor fabrication process, can detect exceptionally low levels of light down to single photons, which helps maintain signal integrity over long distances and under varying atmospheric conditions. They advance the performance of FSOC systems, offering 12x the sensitivity of traditional InGaAs APDs, which represents a potential 10.79-dB improvement in link efficacy before other noise sources such as amplifiers are considered (see Fig. 4).

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Foreshortening makes for very flattering portraits, as facial features look natural and in proportion, and don't exhibit any of the bulging and distortion that appears when shooting close up with a wider angled lens. Foreshortening can also be used to give more emphasis to distant objects, for example by making the moon appear much larger in the night sky.

Crop factor is the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs.

Short focal length telephoto lenses can generally be hand held without any noticeable blurring from camera shake. This is particularly convenient when photographing portraits or taking candid shots, where you have to react quickly.

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A telephoto lens is a type of camera lens designed for taking photographs of subjects at moderate to far distances. Also known as a "tele lens" or "long lens", they are a type of long-focus lens which use a special internal construction to give them a focal length much longer than the length of the lens itself. This makes them smaller, lighter, and easier to handle, while still giving excellent long-range capabilities.

Telephoto camera lenses come in both "prime" (fixed focal length) and zoom varieties. Those with fixed focal lengths tend to be of higher quality, although zoom lenses offer the obvious advantage of greater flexibility.

The main benefits of mirror lenses are that they are smaller, lighter, and cheaper. However, they suffer from inferior picture quality, and have a fixed aperture which can limit their usefulness. They should really only be considered if you are on a tight budget, and even then you'd probably be better off saving up for a bit longer to buy a refractive lens.

Telephoto lenses are commonly used when photographing sports events, wildlife, and in any other circumstances where the photographer can't get close to the subject. They are also popular in portrait and macro photography as they produce a pleasing, natural perspective free from the distortion caused by using a wide-angle lens.

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Most analysts predict strong growth for the FSOC market driven by growing demand for LTE networks, a desire for an alternative to RF technology, the requirement for more secure high-speed communications, and to address the challenges of last mile connectivity in optical networks—for fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) installations.

With all camera lenses, a longer focal length means a narrower depth of field, and telephoto lenses are no different. Particularly with longer telephotos, it can be difficult to get your focusing spot on, and even a slight change in camera position can cause blurriness. Because of this, you should put your camera on a tripod when using anything but the shortest telephoto lens.

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A further benefit of FSOC is that wireless channels are either regulated or where not regulated are already densely populated. FSOC needs no license and due to its narrow transmission angle, it is less susceptible to interference from other signals.

One of the key technical challenges with achieving Earth-to-satellite and terrestrial FSOC is that the IR signals used to transmit data are diffracted as they pass through the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth. Variations in our atmosphere's air temperature, humidity, and turbulence cause fluctuations in the intensity and angle of incidence of IR signals. This makes the beam wander over the signal detector area, which limits performance. The issue is addressed by using large-area receptors comprising multiple IR sensors.

The space sector has recognized the potential of FSOC technology, particularly for satellite communications. The technology can be used for both earth-to-satellite and satellite-to-satellite communication. In the latter scenario, its performance is particularly impressive because atmospheric factors do not impede performance and in space, data rates can scale into the terabit-per-second (Tbit/s) range. As a result, the reduced weight, lower power consumption, and higher data rates of FSOC make it a particularly attractive alternative to RF systems in these applications (see Fig. 3).

If you intend to shoot fast-moving subjects like motor racing or sports events, then you'll need a wide maximum aperture to help you achieve a fast enough shutter speed to avoid blurring. This is also important if you intend to hand-hold your camera.

These IR sensors are crucial components in FSOC receivers. Better sensors detect weaker signals, which enable development of faster, higher-bandwidth links with reduced latency. In Earth-to-satellite communications, they also improve performance because higher sensitivity allows maintenance of link integrity over a wider angle as the satellites pass overhead—resulting in longer periods of operation.

Refractive lenses produce a much higher-quality image than mirror lenses, with better sharpness and contrast, and more pleasing background blur. If you can afford this type of lens, it is a much better overall choice.

When buying a telephoto lens, you generally get what you pay for. Try to stick to reputable brands like Canon, Nikon (Nikkor), Sigma, Tokina, and Tamron. If you can't quite afford your ideal lens, it's often better to wait rather than buying a cheaper equivalent which turns out to be inferior.

The rule of thirds is an essential photography technique. It can be applied to any subject to improve the composition and balance of your images.

The integration of FSOC technology with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) could provide high-bandwidth communication in remote areas or during emergencies. For these applications, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) may be preferred instead of APDs.

Your choice of focal length depends mostly on the subjects you intend to shoot. If you are just getting started with telephoto photography, and want to experiment, then a telephoto zoom lens is a good choice. Although these don't produce such high-quality images as a prime telephoto lens, they allow you to experiment with a range of focal lengths.

Learn everything you need to know about EXIF metadata - what it is, ways to view and edit it, and how you can use it to improve your photography.

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As focal length increases, lenses with wide apertures get more and more expensive. If your ideal lens is out of your price range, consider whether you could live with a shorter focal length, or use a tripod and longer exposure time.

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In 2024, a collaborative European initiative was launched to enhance Earth-to-FSOC technology. This project, supported by the European Space Agency (ESA), brought together a specialized sensor manufacturer, Phlux Technology, Airbus Defense and Space, and the University of Sheffield (U.K.). The primary objective of the ongoing work is to develop more efficient FSOC satellite terminals. The mid-range target is reliable 2.5-Gbit/s communication links operating at an IR wavelength of 1550 nm with low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. The satellites typically orbit at altitudes up to 2,000 km above Earth's surface. Looking further ahead, the team aims to create systems capable of consistent 10-Gbit/s transmission rates. A radiation-hardened, integrated IR sensor and amplifier will be developed for the system.

The technology also shows great potential for intra-data-center communication, where its low latency and high bandwidth are attractive attributes.

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In medical applications, FSOC technology shows promise for communication with subcutaneous implants, where skin-induced propagation loss can be mitigated.

A telephoto lens is one designed for photographing distant subjects like wildlife and sports events. They are also used in portrait photography.

Sports events are full of passion, excitement and emotion. There are photography opportunities everywhere; you just need to look in the right places.

The technology leverages the visible and infrared (IR) light spectrum, in contrast to the RF spectrum used by most wireless systems. This offers significant benefits, not least a vast unlicensed spectrum in which FSOC systems typically operate at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths between 700 and 1600 nm.

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Most amateur photographers will not need a telephoto lens with such a long focal length, but they are a popular choice among professional wildlife and nature photographers, as well as sports photographers who can't get very close to the action (e.g. motorsport photographers).

Keystoning is where a building seems to lean backwards in a photo. It's distracting but can be easily fixed with Photoshop's Lens Correction tool.

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These are ideal for shooting portraits and candid shots (for example at weddings), where you are quite close to the subject but don't want to intrude too much. They are compact and lightweight, and can be hand held for fast shooting.

This positive forecast is despite the acknowledged challenges of environmental interference and installation capital costs. The report highlights the need for devices with greater photon efficiency to mitigate some factors that could limit growth.

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Telephoto lenses with longer focal lengths are easily affected by camera shake due to their extreme magnification factor. Their narrow depth of field makes focusing difficult, and long lenses with a narrow maximum aperture may not be able to reach the shutter speeds required for hand holding. They also tend to be heavy, making them uncomfortable to hold for long periods of time. When using longer lenses, you should use a tripod or monopod to keep your photos sharp and to take the strain off your arms.

ARF100 film is an anti-reflective film allowing you to have perfectly clear and transparent windows, free from any unsightly reflections.

These advancements in APD technology are poised to significantly enhance the capabilities of satellite and terrestrial FSOC and potentially revolutionize space-based data transmission.

Check online reviews and ask around on forums to get opinions and recommendations on specific models, and then shop around to find a good price. Online stores such as Amazon and Adorama usually offer the best deals.

As FSOC evolves, it is poised to play an increasingly significant role in various sectors—from space exploration to medical devices, and 5G networks to next-generation data centers. As advances in IR sensor technology leverage its unique advantages, FSO technology has the potential to revolutionize connectivity across diverse environments to meet the growing demand for high-speed, secure, and efficient communication systems.