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When a light ray is incident from a medium of refractive index n to the core of index n1, Snell's law at medium-core interface gives

Paolo Provenzano’s lab is developing new ways to combat cancer. Approaches include re-engineering tumor microenvironments to remove tumor-promoting cues, enhancing drug delivery, promoting anti-tumor immune responses, and developing next-generation cell-based therapies.

Aging is the major risk for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Dr Herman and his colleagues have elucidated the role the Caspase-2 plays in neurodegenerative diseases. Current efforts are centered on the regulation of Caspase-2 mediated proteolysis of tau in NDs.

2021622 — Solution Show Solution. The phenomenon of restricting the vibrations of light (electric or magnetic field vector) to a particular direction ...

Alexander Opitz's lab aims to improve non-invasive brain stimulation technology, which people respond very differently to. The team is identifying individual predictors, to help create a future where there are personalized treatments for brain disorders like depression.

Most optical devices make use of not just one lens, but of a combination of convex and concave lenses. For example, combining a single convex lens with a ...

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XYZ Linear Translation Stage, MPositioning T60XYZ-25L10A Precision 3 Axis Positioning System 25 mm Travel in XY and 10 mm Travel in Z: Amazon.com: ...

In laser physics, the numerical aperture is defined slightly differently. Laser beams spread out as they propagate, but slowly. Far away from the narrowest part of the beam, the spread is roughly linear with distance—the laser beam forms a cone of light in the "far field". The same relation gives the NA,

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In optical design, the finite distance between the object and the lens must often be considered. In these cases, the working f-number is used instead. The working f-number is defined by making the approximate relation above exact:

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Numerical aperture is not typically used in photography. Instead, the angular acceptance of a lens is expressed by the f-number, f/#, which for a thin lens imaging an object at infinity is given by

Multimode optical fiber will only propagate light that enters the fiber within a certain cone, known as the acceptance cone of the fiber. The half-angle of this cone is called the acceptance angle, θmax. For step-index multimode fiber, the acceptance angle is determined only by the indices of refraction:

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The Ashkenazi Lab develops high-resolution imaging devices and techniques that combine laser, fiber optics, and ultrasound technologies. The team developed a unique method for non-invasive imaging of tissue oxygen, and are studying its effect on cancer therapy outcomes.

by EJ Coad · 1998 · Cited by 53 — Abstract. Studies in the Cavendish Laboratory over the years have demonstrated the poor erosion resistance of most infrared (IR) transparent materials. A number ...

Alena Talkachova’s group visualizes electrical activity in the heart and small patches of cardiac tissue. They use nonlinear dynamics approaches to predict transition from normal to abnormal cardiac rhythms, and to prevent arrhythmias in the heart. They also develop novel tools to guide mapping-specific ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation.

The laser diode is a light emitting diode that uses an optical cavity to amplify the light emitted from the energy band gap that exists in semiconductors. (See ...

The Hartwell Immunoengineering Lab uses biomolecular engineering, drug delivery, and immunology to develop molecular vaccines and immunotherapies that direct the immune response towards activation or tolerance by targeting specific cells and tissues, with a focus on the mucosal immune system.

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In optics, the numerical aperture (NA) of an optical system is a dimensionless number that characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light. The exact definition of the term varies slightly between different areas of optics.

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where n1 is the refractive index along the central axis of the fiber. Note that when this definition is used, the connection between the NA and the acceptance angle of the fiber becomes only an approximation. In particular, manufacturers often quote "NA" for single-mode fiber based on this formula, even though the acceptance angle for single-mode fiber is quite different and cannot be determined from the indices of refraction alone.

This approximation holds when the numerical aperture is small. The f-number describes the light-gathering ability of the lens in the case where the marginal ray before (or after) the lens is collimated. This case is commonly encountered in photography, where objects being photographed are often far from the camera.

This has the same form as the numerical aperture in other optical systems, so it has become common to define the NA of any type of fiber to be

In most areas of optics, and especially in microscopy, the numerical aperture of an optical system such as an objective lens is defined by

by DH Kim · 2011 · Cited by 10 — The magnification factor is calculated by comparing the sizes of the object and image, then the focal length is obtained using a thin-lens formula. This method ...

but θ is defined differently. Laser beams typically do not have sharp edges like the cone of light that passes through the aperture of a lens does. Instead, the irradiance falls off gradually away from the center of the beam. It is very common for the beam to have a Gaussian profile. Laser physicists typically choose to make θ the divergence of the beam: the far-field angle between the propagation direction and the distance from the beam axis for which the irradiance drops to 1/e2 times the wavefront total irradiance. The NA of a Gaussian laser beam is then related to its minimum spot size by

In the ray model of light, a ray's angle of incidence determines whether or not it will be coupled into the fiber's core. The cutoff angle is the maximum ...

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In multimode fibers, the term equilibrium numerical aperture is sometimes used. This refers to the numerical aperture with respect to the extreme exit angle of a ray emerging from a fiber in which equilibrium mode distribution has been established.

In microscopy, NA is important because it indicates the resolving power of a lens. The size of the finest detail that can be resolved is proportional to λ/NA, where λ is the wavelength of the light. A lens with a larger numerical aperture will be able to visualize finer details than a lens with a smaller numerical aperture. Lenses with larger numerical apertures also collect more light and will generally provide a brighter image.

where λ0 is the vacuum wavelength of the light, and D is the diameter of the beam at its narrowest spot, measured between the 1/e2 irradiance points ("Full width at e−2 maximum"). Note that this means that a laser beam that is focused to a small spot will spread out quickly as it moves away from the focus, while a large-diameter laser beam can stay roughly the same size over a very long distance.

The NeuralNetoff lab aims to give patients the best outcomes from electrical stimulation, a patient-specific therapy that varies widely in its effectiveness. They’re testing therapies and optimizing algorithms, to help people with conditions like Parkinson’s, epilepsy, and chronic pain.

Standard abbreviations (str = strong, wk = weak, brd = broad & shp = sharp) are used to describe the absorption bands. Functional Class. Characteristic ...

where n is the index of refraction of the medium in which the lens is working (1.0 for air, 1.33 for pure water, and up to 1.56 for oils), and θ is the half-angle of the maximum cone of light that can enter or exit the lens. In general, this is the angle of the real marginal ray in the system. The angular aperture of the lens is approximately twice this value (within the paraxial approximation). The NA is generally measured with respect to a particular object or image point and will vary as that point is moved.

The Akkin Lab develops non-contact optical imaging tools to study tissue structure and function, with an emphasis on better understanding the brain. Non-invasive or minimally invasive applications in medicine are possible, because the techniques use back-scattered light.