Introduction to Raman Spectroscopy - what is raman spectra

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Brewer and Brackett, 1961 Brewer, L.; Brackett, E., The dissociation energies of gaseous alkali halides, Chem. Rev., 1961, 61, 425. [all data]

Botter, Kooter, et al., 1975 Botter, B.J.; Kooter, J.A.; Mulder, J.J.C., Ab-initio calculations of the covalent-ionic curve crossing in LiF, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1975, 33, 532. [all data]

Yardley and Balint-Kurti, 1976 Yardley, R.N.; Balint-Kurti, G.G., Ab initio valence-bond calculations on HF, LiH, LiH+ and LiF, Mol. Phys., 1976, 31, 921. [all data]

It is a good idea to increase your fluid intake after an imaging exam involving an iodine-based contrast material to help remove the contrast material from your body.

Barium-sulfate is the most common contrast material taken by mouth, or orally. It is also used rectally and is available in several forms, including:

Snelson, 1967 Snelson, A., Infrared spectrum of LiF, Li2F2, and Li3F3 by matrix isolation, J. Chem. Phys., 1967, 46, 3652. [all data]

Contrastadjective

Barium-sulfate contrast materials that are swallowed or administered by mouth (orally) are used to enhance standard x-ray, fluoroscopy, and CT images of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including:

Vasilevskii and Baikov, 1961 Vasilevskii, K.P.; Baikov, V.I., The infrared spectrum of lithium vapor, Opt. Spectrosc. Engl. Transl., 1961, 11, 21, In original 41. [all data]

Cupp, Smith, et al., 1973 Cupp, R.E.; Smith, W.T.; Contini, D.A.; Woods, D.; Gallagher, J.J., Partial resolution of 6Li19F rotational transition, Phys. Lett. A, 1973, 44, 305. [all data]

Kusch, 1959 Kusch, P., Nuclear reorientation spectrum of Li7 in the gaseous monomers and dimers of the lithium halides, J. Chem. Phys., 1959, 30, 52. [all data]

If your contrast material is given by enema, you can expect to experience a sense of abdominal fullness and an increasing need to expel the liquid. The mild discomfort will not last long.

Pugh and Barrow, 1958 Pugh, A.C.P.; Barrow, R.F., The heats of sublimation of inorganic substances. Part 5. The alkali metal fluorides, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1958, 54, 671. [all data]

Kahn and Hay, 1974 Kahn, L.R.; Hay, P.J., Theoretical study of curve crossing: ab initio calculations on the four lowest 1Σ+ states of LiF, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 61, 3530. [all data]

You should tell your doctor if these mild or moderate side effects of iodine-based contrast materials become severe or do not go away:

Contrastsynonym

A very small percentage of patients may develop a delayed reaction with a rash which can occur hours to days after an imaging exam with an iodine-based contrast material. Most are mild, but severe rashes may require medication after discussion with your physician

When an iodine-based contrast material is injected into your bloodstream, you may have a warm, flushed sensation and a metallic taste in your mouth that lasts for a few minutes.

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Barium-sulfate contrast materials that are administered by enema (rectally) are used to enhance standard x-ray, fluoroscopy, and CT images of the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract (colon and rectum). In some situations, iodine-based contrast materials are substituted for barium-sulfate contrast materials for rectal administration.

Contrastin English

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Pearson and Gordy, 1969 Pearson, E.F.; Gordy, W., Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave spectra and molecular constants of LiF and LiCl, Phys. Rev., 1969, 177, 52. [all data]

Geiger and Pfeiffer, 1968 Geiger, J.; Pfeiffer, H.-C., Untersuchung der Anregung innerer Elektronen von Alkalihalogenidmolekulen im Energieverlustspektrum von 25 keV-Elektronen, Z. Phys., 1968, 208, 105. [all data]

Contrastin art

If you swallow the contrast material, you may find the taste mildly unpleasant; however, most patients can easily tolerate it.

Mehran, Brooks, et al., 1966 Mehran, F.; Brooks, R.A.; Ramsey, N.F., Rotational magnetic moments of alkali-halide molecules, Phys. Rev., 1966, 141, 93. [all data]

When iodine-based and barium-sulfate contrast materials are present in a specific area of the body, they block or limit the ability of x-rays to pass through. As a result, blood vessels, organs and other body tissue that temporarily contain the iodine-based or barium compounds change their appearance on x-ray or CT images.

Klemperer, Norris, et al., 1960 Klemperer, W.; Norris, W.G.; Buchler, A.; Emslie, A.G., Infrared spectra of lithium halide monomers, J. Chem. Phys., 1960, 33, 1534. [all data]

Contrastexamples

Kastner, Russell, et al., 1955 Kastner, S.O.; Russell, A.M.; Trischka, J.W., Variation with vibration of the fluorine spin-rotation interaction in Li6F, J. Chem. Phys., 1955, 23, 1730. [all data]

Contrastmeaning in Hindi

Patients with impaired kidney (renal) function should be given special consideration before receiving iodine-based contrast materials by vein or artery. While many contrast agents are safe to give in patients with kidney disease, if you have severe kidney disease and very poor kidney function you may be at increased risk of worsening kidney function when getting iodinated contrast agents. The benefits of having a contrast enhanced scan often out-weigh the risks in ensuring the radiologist can properly diagnose your medical conditions.

Mariella, Herschbach, et al., 1973 Mariella, R.P., Jr.; Herschbach, D.R.; Klemperer, W., Molecular beam electric resonance spectra of reaction products: vibrational energy of LiF from Li+SF6, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 58, 3785. [all data]

When introduced into the body prior to an imaging exam, contrast materials make certain structures or tissues in the body appear different on the images than they would if no contrast material had been administered. Contrast materials help distinguish or "contrast" selected areas of the body from surrounding tissue. This helps physicians diagnose medical conditions by improving the visibility of specific organs, blood vessels, or tissues.

Moran and Trischka, 1961 Moran, T.I.; Trischka, J.W., New determinations of the vibrational constants of Li-Li6F and Li6Cl35 by the molecular beam electric resonance method, J. Chem. Phys., 1961, 34, 923. [all data]

There is evidence that tiny traces of gadolinium may be retained in different organs of the body, including the brain, after contrast-enhanced MRI. While there are no known negative effects from this, your doctor may take gadolinium retention into account when selecting a contrast agent. There are many different gadolinium-based contrast agents available, each with its own safety profile. Decisions on which material to use may be affected by the part of the body being imaged, the cost of the material and other factors. These decisions are especially important in patients likely to undergo multiple MRI scans with gadolinium-based contrast material, such as pediatric patients, cancer patients and people with multiple sclerosis.

Hildenbrand, Hall, et al., 1964 Hildenbrand, D.L.; Hall, W.F.; Ju, F.; Potter, N.D., Vapor pressures and vapor thermodynamic properties of some lithium and magnesium halides, J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 40, 2882. [all data]

In some situations, iodine-based contrast materials are substituted for barium-sulfate contrast materials for oral administration.

The contrast material used in MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) called gadolinium is less likely to produce an allergic reaction than the iodine-based materials used for x-rays and CT scanning. Very rarely, patients are allergic to gadolinium-based contrast materials and experience hives and itchy eyes. Reactions are usually mild and easily controlled by medication. Severe reactions are rare.

Compare andcontrastmeaning

Contrast materials are not dyes that permanently discolor internal organs. They are substances that temporarily change the way x-rays or other imaging tools interact with the body. The materials discussed in this article do not produce radiation.

Microbubble contrast materials can be targeted or untargeted. Untargeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound —the more common method— helps diagnose certain diseases by providing evaluation of blood flow in the heart and other organs. In targeted contrast-enhanced ultrasound, specific molecules are bound to the surface of the microbubbles. After injection, the microbubbles attach to specific targeted tissue sites, causing an increase in the ultrasound signal at the sites.

Snelson and Pitzer, 1963 Snelson, A.; Pitzer, K.S., Infrared spectra by matrix isolation of lithium fluoride, lithium chloride and sodium fluoride, J. Phys. Chem., 1963, 67, 882. [all data]

Manufacturers of intravenous contrast provide special instructions for mothers who are breast feeding. They advise that mothers should not breast-feed their babies for 24 to 48 hours after contrast medium is given. However, both the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the European Society of Urogenital Radiology note that the available data suggest it is safe to continue breast-feeding after receiving intravenous contrast. The Manual on Contrast Media from the ACR states:

Following an imaging exam with contrast material, the material is absorbed by the body or eliminated through urine or bowel movements.

Bulewicz, Phillips, et al., 1961 Bulewicz, E.M.; Phillips, L.F.; Sugden, T.M., Determination of dissociation constants and heats of formation of simple molecules by flame photometry. Part 8. Stabilities of the gaseous diatomic halides of certain metals, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1961, 57, 921. [all data]

When the gadolinium is injected, it is normal to feel coolness at the site of injection, usually the arm for a minute or two.

Hebert, Lovas, et al., 1968 Hebert, A.J.; Lovas, F.J.; Melendres, C.A.; Hollowell, C.D.; Story, T.L., Jr.; Street, K., Jr., Dipole moments of some alkali halide molecules by the molecular beam electric resonance method, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 48, 2824. [all data]

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Radler, Sonntag, et al., 1976 Radler, K.; Sonntag, B.; Chang, T.C.; Schwarz, W.H.E., Experimental and theoretical investigation of the Li 1s spectra of molecular lithium halides, Chem. Phys., 1976, 13, 363. [all data]

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Data collected through January, 1977 Symbols used in the table of constants SymbolMeaning State electronic state and / or symmetry symbol Te minimum electronic energy (cm-1) ωe vibrational constant – first term (cm-1) ωexe vibrational constant – second term (cm-1) ωeye vibrational constant – third term (cm-1) Be rotational constant in equilibrium position (cm-1) αe rotational constant – first term (cm-1) γe rotation-vibration interaction constant (cm-1) De centrifugal distortion constant (cm-1) βe rotational constant – first term, centrifugal force (cm-1) re internuclear distance (Å) Trans. observed transition(s) corresponding to electronic state ν00 position of 0-0 band (units noted in table) Diatomic constants for 7Li19F StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00 K 3pπ 2Π 510700 1420 1 K ← X 510900 ↳Radler, Sonntag, et al., 1976 J 3σ 2Σ 502200 1400 1 J ← X 502500 ↳Radler, Sonntag, et al., 1976 I 2pπ 2Π 477500 1240 1 I ← X 477600 ↳Radler, Sonntag, et al., 1976 H 2σ 2Σ 458600 (1000) 1 H ← X 458600 ↳Radler, Sonntag, et al., 1976 Peaks in the electron energy loss spectrum at 6.6, 8.7, 10.9, 62.0 eV. ↳Geiger and Pfeiffer, 1968 Ab initio studies of the lowest 1Σ states (including the ground state), curve crossings Kahn and Hay, 1974 Botter, Kooter, et al., 1975 Yardley and Balint-Kurti, 1976. StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00 X 1Σ+ 0 910.34 2 Z 7.929 2 1.3452576 0.0202868 3 1.1754E-5 -0.0124E-5 1.563864 4 ↳Klemperer, Norris, et al., 1960; Vidale, 1960; Vasilevskii and Baikov, 1961 Rotation sp. ↳Wharton, Klemperer, et al., 1963; Veazey and Gordy, 1965; Pearson and Gordy, 1969; Cupp, Smith, et al., 1973 Mol. beam rf electric reson. 5 ↳Wharton, Klemperer, et al., 1963; Hebert, Lovas, et al., 1968; Mariella, Herschbach, et al., 1973; Hebert and Hollowell, 1976 Mol. beam magn. reson. 6 ↳Mehran, Brooks, et al., 1966 Notes 1First members of two Rydberg series converging to the Li is ionization limit of LiF at 65.5 eV (528300 cm-1); vibrational numbering not established. 2From the infrared spectrum [constants corresponding to the J numbering "Morig - 2" in table III of Vidale, 1960]. In good agreement with constants calculated from the microwave results: we = 910.25, wexe = 8.10. 3+0.0001558(v+1/2)2 - 3.5E-7(v+1/2)3. 4Rotation-vibr. Sp. 8 5Dipole moment of 7LiF: μel[D] = 6.2839 + 0.08153(v+1/2) + 0.000445(v+1/2)2,v = 0,1,2 Hebert and Hollowell, 1976; see also Wharton, Klemperer, et al., 1963, Hebert, Lovas, et al., 1968, Mariella, Herschbach, et al., 1973. For electric quadrupole and other hyperfine coupling constants see Cupp, Smith, et al., 1973, Hebert and Hollowell, 1976. Earlier electric resonance work in Swartz and Trischka, 1952, Braunstein and Trischka, 1955, Kastner, Russell, et al., 1955, Moran and Trischka, 1961 and Russell, 1958 who found gJ(7LiF)= +0.0642 μN from the Zeeman splitting of the hyperfine structure; see also 6. 6gJ(7LiF) = (+)0.0737 μN by the magnetic resonance method Mehran, Brooks, et al., 1966; see also Russell, 1958. Li NMR spectrum Kusch, 1949, Kusch, 1959. 7Thermochemical value Pugh and Barrow, 1958, Brewer and Brackett, 1961, Bulewicz, Phillips, et al., 1961, Hildenbrand, Hall, et al., 1964. 8For IR frequencies in inert gas matrices see Linevsky, 1961, Snelson and Pitzer, 1963, Schlick and Schnepp, 1964, Snelson, 1967. The lifetime of the lowest vibrationally excited level of 6LiF. τ(v=1) = 14.3 ms, was determined by Bedding and Moran, 1974 using the molecular beam electric resonance method. References Go To: Top, Constants of diatomic molecules, Notes Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved. Radler, Sonntag, et al., 1976 Radler, K.; Sonntag, B.; Chang, T.C.; Schwarz, W.H.E., Experimental and theoretical investigation of the Li 1s spectra of molecular lithium halides, Chem. Phys., 1976, 13, 363. [all data] Geiger and Pfeiffer, 1968 Geiger, J.; Pfeiffer, H.-C., Untersuchung der Anregung innerer Elektronen von Alkalihalogenidmolekulen im Energieverlustspektrum von 25 keV-Elektronen, Z. Phys., 1968, 208, 105. [all data] Kahn and Hay, 1974 Kahn, L.R.; Hay, P.J., Theoretical study of curve crossing: ab initio calculations on the four lowest 1Σ+ states of LiF, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 61, 3530. [all data] Botter, Kooter, et al., 1975 Botter, B.J.; Kooter, J.A.; Mulder, J.J.C., Ab-initio calculations of the covalent-ionic curve crossing in LiF, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1975, 33, 532. [all data] Yardley and Balint-Kurti, 1976 Yardley, R.N.; Balint-Kurti, G.G., Ab initio valence-bond calculations on HF, LiH, LiH+ and LiF, Mol. Phys., 1976, 31, 921. [all data] Klemperer, Norris, et al., 1960 Klemperer, W.; Norris, W.G.; Buchler, A.; Emslie, A.G., Infrared spectra of lithium halide monomers, J. Chem. Phys., 1960, 33, 1534. [all data] Vidale, 1960 Vidale, G.L., The infrared spectrum of the gaseous lithium fluoride (LiF) molecule, J. Phys. Chem., 1960, 64, 314. [all data] Vasilevskii and Baikov, 1961 Vasilevskii, K.P.; Baikov, V.I., The infrared spectrum of lithium vapor, Opt. Spectrosc. Engl. Transl., 1961, 11, 21, In original 41. [all data] Wharton, Klemperer, et al., 1963 Wharton, L.; Klemperer, W.; Gold, L.P.; Strauch, R.; Gallagher, J.J.; Derr, V.E., Microwave spectrum, spectroscopic constants, and electric dipole moment of Li6F19, J. Chem. Phys., 1963, 38, 1203. [all data] Veazey and Gordy, 1965 Veazey, S.E.; Gordy, W., Millimeter-wave molecular-beam spectroscopy: alkali fluorides, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1965, 138, 1303. [all data] Pearson and Gordy, 1969 Pearson, E.F.; Gordy, W., Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave spectra and molecular constants of LiF and LiCl, Phys. Rev., 1969, 177, 52. [all data] Cupp, Smith, et al., 1973 Cupp, R.E.; Smith, W.T.; Contini, D.A.; Woods, D.; Gallagher, J.J., Partial resolution of 6Li19F rotational transition, Phys. Lett. A, 1973, 44, 305. [all data] Hebert, Lovas, et al., 1968 Hebert, A.J.; Lovas, F.J.; Melendres, C.A.; Hollowell, C.D.; Story, T.L., Jr.; Street, K., Jr., Dipole moments of some alkali halide molecules by the molecular beam electric resonance method, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 48, 2824. [all data] Mariella, Herschbach, et al., 1973 Mariella, R.P., Jr.; Herschbach, D.R.; Klemperer, W., Molecular beam electric resonance spectra of reaction products: vibrational energy of LiF from Li+SF6, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 58, 3785. [all data] Hebert and Hollowell, 1976 Hebert, A.J.; Hollowell, C.D., The radiofrequency spectra of LiF by the molecular beam electric resonance method, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 65, 4327. [all data] Mehran, Brooks, et al., 1966 Mehran, F.; Brooks, R.A.; Ramsey, N.F., Rotational magnetic moments of alkali-halide molecules, Phys. Rev., 1966, 141, 93. [all data] Swartz and Trischka, 1952 Swartz, J.C.; Trischka, J.W., Radiofrequency spectra of Li6F19 by the molecular beam electric resonance method, Phys. Rev., 1952, 88, 1085. [all data] Braunstein and Trischka, 1955 Braunstein, R.; Trischka, J.W., Molecular constants and nuclear-molecular interactions of Li7F19 by the molecular beam electric resonance method, Phys. Rev., 1955, 98, 1092. [all data] Kastner, Russell, et al., 1955 Kastner, S.O.; Russell, A.M.; Trischka, J.W., Variation with vibration of the fluorine spin-rotation interaction in Li6F, J. Chem. Phys., 1955, 23, 1730. [all data] Moran and Trischka, 1961 Moran, T.I.; Trischka, J.W., New determinations of the vibrational constants of Li-Li6F and Li6Cl35 by the molecular beam electric resonance method, J. Chem. Phys., 1961, 34, 923. [all data] Russell, 1958 Russell, A.M., Magnetic moments due to rotation in Li6F and Li7F, Phys. Rev., 1958, 111, 1558. [all data] Kusch, 1949 Kusch, P., On the nuclear electric quadrupole moment of Li6, Phys. Rev., 1949, 75, 887. [all data] Kusch, 1959 Kusch, P., Nuclear reorientation spectrum of Li7 in the gaseous monomers and dimers of the lithium halides, J. Chem. Phys., 1959, 30, 52. [all data] Pugh and Barrow, 1958 Pugh, A.C.P.; Barrow, R.F., The heats of sublimation of inorganic substances. Part 5. The alkali metal fluorides, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1958, 54, 671. [all data] Brewer and Brackett, 1961 Brewer, L.; Brackett, E., The dissociation energies of gaseous alkali halides, Chem. Rev., 1961, 61, 425. [all data] Bulewicz, Phillips, et al., 1961 Bulewicz, E.M.; Phillips, L.F.; Sugden, T.M., Determination of dissociation constants and heats of formation of simple molecules by flame photometry. Part 8. Stabilities of the gaseous diatomic halides of certain metals, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1961, 57, 921. [all data] Hildenbrand, Hall, et al., 1964 Hildenbrand, D.L.; Hall, W.F.; Ju, F.; Potter, N.D., Vapor pressures and vapor thermodynamic properties of some lithium and magnesium halides, J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 40, 2882. [all data] Linevsky, 1961 Linevsky, M.J., Infrared spectrum of lithium fluoride monomer by matrix isolation, J. Chem. Phys., 1961, 34, 587. [all data] Snelson and Pitzer, 1963 Snelson, A.; Pitzer, K.S., Infrared spectra by matrix isolation of lithium fluoride, lithium chloride and sodium fluoride, J. Phys. Chem., 1963, 67, 882. [all data] Schlick and Schnepp, 1964 Schlick, S.; Schnepp, O., Infrared spectra of the lithium halide monomers and dimers in inert matrices at low temperature, J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 41, 463. [all data] Snelson, 1967 Snelson, A., Infrared spectrum of LiF, Li2F2, and Li3F3 by matrix isolation, J. Chem. Phys., 1967, 46, 3652. [all data] Bedding and Moran, 1974 Bedding, D.R.; Moran, T.I., Vibrational-state lifetime of 6LiF, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1974, 9, 2324. [all data] Notes Go To: Top, Constants of diatomic molecules, References Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database. Customer support for NIST Standard Reference Data products.

It is a good idea to increase your fluid intake after an imaging exam involving a barium-based contrast material to help remove the contrast material from your body.

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), a thickening of the skin, organs, and other tissues, is a rare complication in patients with kidney disease that undergo an MR with contrast material. Gadolinium-based contrast material may be withheld in some patients with severe kidney disease.

For CT imaging, iodinated contrast agents are not known to pose any significant risk to the mom or baby. If you have concerns, you can speak to the radiologist to understand the potential risks and benefits of the contrast-enhanced scan.

Swartz and Trischka, 1952 Swartz, J.C.; Trischka, J.W., Radiofrequency spectra of Li6F19 by the molecular beam electric resonance method, Phys. Rev., 1952, 88, 1085. [all data]

Veazey and Gordy, 1965 Veazey, S.E.; Gordy, W., Millimeter-wave molecular-beam spectroscopy: alkali fluorides, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1965, 138, 1303. [all data]

Hebert and Hollowell, 1976 Hebert, A.J.; Hollowell, C.D., The radiofrequency spectra of LiF by the molecular beam electric resonance method, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 65, 4327. [all data]

Contrastin a sentence

If a barium-sulfate contrast material (given orally or rectally) will be used during your exam, you may be asked not to eat for a few hours before your exam begins. If the contrast material will be given rectally, you may also be asked to cleanse your colon with a special diet and medication (possibly including an enema) before your exam.

Barium-sulfate contrast materials are expelled from the body with feces. You can expect bowel movements to be white for a few days. Some patients may experience changes in their normal bowel movement patterns for the first 12 to 24 hours.

"Review of the literature shows no evidence to suggest that oral ingestion by an infant of the tiny amount of gadolinium contrast medium excreted into breast milk would cause toxic effects. We believe, therefore, that the available data suggest that it is safe for the mother and infant to continue breast-feeding after receiving such an agent.

Vidale, 1960 Vidale, G.L., The infrared spectrum of the gaseous lithium fluoride (LiF) molecule, J. Phys. Chem., 1960, 64, 314. [all data]

Microbubble contrast materials are tiny bubbles of an injectable gas held in a supporting shell. They are extremely small—smaller than a red blood cell—and have a high degree of "echogenicity", or ability to reflect ultrasound waves. Structures with higher echogenicity will appear brighter on ultrasound. Once the microbubbles are in the bloodstream, ultrasound technology is able capture differences in echogenicity between the gas in the microbubbles and the surrounding tissues of the body, producing an ultrasound image with increased contrast. The microbubbles dissolve, usually within 10 to 15 minutes, and the gas within them is removed from the body through exhalation. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with microbubbles is a convenient, relatively inexpensive way to improve visualization of blood flow, and it does not use radiation. It is a useful option for patients with kidney failure or those with allergies to contrast agents used for MR and/or CT imaging.

Schlick and Schnepp, 1964 Schlick, S.; Schnepp, O., Infrared spectra of the lithium halide monomers and dimers in inert matrices at low temperature, J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 41, 463. [all data]

Symbols used in the table of constants SymbolMeaning State electronic state and / or symmetry symbol Te minimum electronic energy (cm-1) ωe vibrational constant – first term (cm-1) ωexe vibrational constant – second term (cm-1) ωeye vibrational constant – third term (cm-1) Be rotational constant in equilibrium position (cm-1) αe rotational constant – first term (cm-1) γe rotation-vibration interaction constant (cm-1) De centrifugal distortion constant (cm-1) βe rotational constant – first term, centrifugal force (cm-1) re internuclear distance (Å) Trans. observed transition(s) corresponding to electronic state ν00 position of 0-0 band (units noted in table) Diatomic constants for 7Li19F StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00 K 3pπ 2Π 510700 1420 1 K ← X 510900 ↳Radler, Sonntag, et al., 1976 J 3σ 2Σ 502200 1400 1 J ← X 502500 ↳Radler, Sonntag, et al., 1976 I 2pπ 2Π 477500 1240 1 I ← X 477600 ↳Radler, Sonntag, et al., 1976 H 2σ 2Σ 458600 (1000) 1 H ← X 458600 ↳Radler, Sonntag, et al., 1976 Peaks in the electron energy loss spectrum at 6.6, 8.7, 10.9, 62.0 eV. ↳Geiger and Pfeiffer, 1968 Ab initio studies of the lowest 1Σ states (including the ground state), curve crossings Kahn and Hay, 1974 Botter, Kooter, et al., 1975 Yardley and Balint-Kurti, 1976. StateTeωeωexeωeyeBeαeγeDeβereTrans.ν00 X 1Σ+ 0 910.34 2 Z 7.929 2 1.3452576 0.0202868 3 1.1754E-5 -0.0124E-5 1.563864 4 ↳Klemperer, Norris, et al., 1960; Vidale, 1960; Vasilevskii and Baikov, 1961 Rotation sp. ↳Wharton, Klemperer, et al., 1963; Veazey and Gordy, 1965; Pearson and Gordy, 1969; Cupp, Smith, et al., 1973 Mol. beam rf electric reson. 5 ↳Wharton, Klemperer, et al., 1963; Hebert, Lovas, et al., 1968; Mariella, Herschbach, et al., 1973; Hebert and Hollowell, 1976 Mol. beam magn. reson. 6 ↳Mehran, Brooks, et al., 1966 Notes 1First members of two Rydberg series converging to the Li is ionization limit of LiF at 65.5 eV (528300 cm-1); vibrational numbering not established. 2From the infrared spectrum [constants corresponding to the J numbering "Morig - 2" in table III of Vidale, 1960]. In good agreement with constants calculated from the microwave results: we = 910.25, wexe = 8.10. 3+0.0001558(v+1/2)2 - 3.5E-7(v+1/2)3. 4Rotation-vibr. Sp. 8 5Dipole moment of 7LiF: μel[D] = 6.2839 + 0.08153(v+1/2) + 0.000445(v+1/2)2,v = 0,1,2 Hebert and Hollowell, 1976; see also Wharton, Klemperer, et al., 1963, Hebert, Lovas, et al., 1968, Mariella, Herschbach, et al., 1973. For electric quadrupole and other hyperfine coupling constants see Cupp, Smith, et al., 1973, Hebert and Hollowell, 1976. Earlier electric resonance work in Swartz and Trischka, 1952, Braunstein and Trischka, 1955, Kastner, Russell, et al., 1955, Moran and Trischka, 1961 and Russell, 1958 who found gJ(7LiF)= +0.0642 μN from the Zeeman splitting of the hyperfine structure; see also 6. 6gJ(7LiF) = (+)0.0737 μN by the magnetic resonance method Mehran, Brooks, et al., 1966; see also Russell, 1958. Li NMR spectrum Kusch, 1949, Kusch, 1959. 7Thermochemical value Pugh and Barrow, 1958, Brewer and Brackett, 1961, Bulewicz, Phillips, et al., 1961, Hildenbrand, Hall, et al., 1964. 8For IR frequencies in inert gas matrices see Linevsky, 1961, Snelson and Pitzer, 1963, Schlick and Schnepp, 1964, Snelson, 1967. The lifetime of the lowest vibrationally excited level of 6LiF. τ(v=1) = 14.3 ms, was determined by Bedding and Moran, 1974 using the molecular beam electric resonance method. References Go To: Top, Constants of diatomic molecules, Notes Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved. Radler, Sonntag, et al., 1976 Radler, K.; Sonntag, B.; Chang, T.C.; Schwarz, W.H.E., Experimental and theoretical investigation of the Li 1s spectra of molecular lithium halides, Chem. Phys., 1976, 13, 363. [all data] Geiger and Pfeiffer, 1968 Geiger, J.; Pfeiffer, H.-C., Untersuchung der Anregung innerer Elektronen von Alkalihalogenidmolekulen im Energieverlustspektrum von 25 keV-Elektronen, Z. Phys., 1968, 208, 105. [all data] Kahn and Hay, 1974 Kahn, L.R.; Hay, P.J., Theoretical study of curve crossing: ab initio calculations on the four lowest 1Σ+ states of LiF, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 61, 3530. [all data] Botter, Kooter, et al., 1975 Botter, B.J.; Kooter, J.A.; Mulder, J.J.C., Ab-initio calculations of the covalent-ionic curve crossing in LiF, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1975, 33, 532. [all data] Yardley and Balint-Kurti, 1976 Yardley, R.N.; Balint-Kurti, G.G., Ab initio valence-bond calculations on HF, LiH, LiH+ and LiF, Mol. Phys., 1976, 31, 921. [all data] Klemperer, Norris, et al., 1960 Klemperer, W.; Norris, W.G.; Buchler, A.; Emslie, A.G., Infrared spectra of lithium halide monomers, J. Chem. Phys., 1960, 33, 1534. [all data] Vidale, 1960 Vidale, G.L., The infrared spectrum of the gaseous lithium fluoride (LiF) molecule, J. Phys. Chem., 1960, 64, 314. [all data] Vasilevskii and Baikov, 1961 Vasilevskii, K.P.; Baikov, V.I., The infrared spectrum of lithium vapor, Opt. Spectrosc. Engl. Transl., 1961, 11, 21, In original 41. [all data] Wharton, Klemperer, et al., 1963 Wharton, L.; Klemperer, W.; Gold, L.P.; Strauch, R.; Gallagher, J.J.; Derr, V.E., Microwave spectrum, spectroscopic constants, and electric dipole moment of Li6F19, J. Chem. Phys., 1963, 38, 1203. [all data] Veazey and Gordy, 1965 Veazey, S.E.; Gordy, W., Millimeter-wave molecular-beam spectroscopy: alkali fluorides, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1965, 138, 1303. [all data] Pearson and Gordy, 1969 Pearson, E.F.; Gordy, W., Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave spectra and molecular constants of LiF and LiCl, Phys. Rev., 1969, 177, 52. [all data] Cupp, Smith, et al., 1973 Cupp, R.E.; Smith, W.T.; Contini, D.A.; Woods, D.; Gallagher, J.J., Partial resolution of 6Li19F rotational transition, Phys. Lett. A, 1973, 44, 305. [all data] Hebert, Lovas, et al., 1968 Hebert, A.J.; Lovas, F.J.; Melendres, C.A.; Hollowell, C.D.; Story, T.L., Jr.; Street, K., Jr., Dipole moments of some alkali halide molecules by the molecular beam electric resonance method, J. Chem. Phys., 1968, 48, 2824. [all data] Mariella, Herschbach, et al., 1973 Mariella, R.P., Jr.; Herschbach, D.R.; Klemperer, W., Molecular beam electric resonance spectra of reaction products: vibrational energy of LiF from Li+SF6, J. Chem. Phys., 1973, 58, 3785. [all data] Hebert and Hollowell, 1976 Hebert, A.J.; Hollowell, C.D., The radiofrequency spectra of LiF by the molecular beam electric resonance method, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 65, 4327. [all data] Mehran, Brooks, et al., 1966 Mehran, F.; Brooks, R.A.; Ramsey, N.F., Rotational magnetic moments of alkali-halide molecules, Phys. Rev., 1966, 141, 93. [all data] Swartz and Trischka, 1952 Swartz, J.C.; Trischka, J.W., Radiofrequency spectra of Li6F19 by the molecular beam electric resonance method, Phys. Rev., 1952, 88, 1085. [all data] Braunstein and Trischka, 1955 Braunstein, R.; Trischka, J.W., Molecular constants and nuclear-molecular interactions of Li7F19 by the molecular beam electric resonance method, Phys. Rev., 1955, 98, 1092. [all data] Kastner, Russell, et al., 1955 Kastner, S.O.; Russell, A.M.; Trischka, J.W., Variation with vibration of the fluorine spin-rotation interaction in Li6F, J. Chem. Phys., 1955, 23, 1730. [all data] Moran and Trischka, 1961 Moran, T.I.; Trischka, J.W., New determinations of the vibrational constants of Li-Li6F and Li6Cl35 by the molecular beam electric resonance method, J. Chem. Phys., 1961, 34, 923. [all data] Russell, 1958 Russell, A.M., Magnetic moments due to rotation in Li6F and Li7F, Phys. Rev., 1958, 111, 1558. [all data] Kusch, 1949 Kusch, P., On the nuclear electric quadrupole moment of Li6, Phys. Rev., 1949, 75, 887. [all data] Kusch, 1959 Kusch, P., Nuclear reorientation spectrum of Li7 in the gaseous monomers and dimers of the lithium halides, J. Chem. Phys., 1959, 30, 52. [all data] Pugh and Barrow, 1958 Pugh, A.C.P.; Barrow, R.F., The heats of sublimation of inorganic substances. Part 5. The alkali metal fluorides, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1958, 54, 671. [all data] Brewer and Brackett, 1961 Brewer, L.; Brackett, E., The dissociation energies of gaseous alkali halides, Chem. Rev., 1961, 61, 425. [all data] Bulewicz, Phillips, et al., 1961 Bulewicz, E.M.; Phillips, L.F.; Sugden, T.M., Determination of dissociation constants and heats of formation of simple molecules by flame photometry. Part 8. Stabilities of the gaseous diatomic halides of certain metals, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1961, 57, 921. [all data] Hildenbrand, Hall, et al., 1964 Hildenbrand, D.L.; Hall, W.F.; Ju, F.; Potter, N.D., Vapor pressures and vapor thermodynamic properties of some lithium and magnesium halides, J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 40, 2882. [all data] Linevsky, 1961 Linevsky, M.J., Infrared spectrum of lithium fluoride monomer by matrix isolation, J. Chem. Phys., 1961, 34, 587. [all data] Snelson and Pitzer, 1963 Snelson, A.; Pitzer, K.S., Infrared spectra by matrix isolation of lithium fluoride, lithium chloride and sodium fluoride, J. Phys. Chem., 1963, 67, 882. [all data] Schlick and Schnepp, 1964 Schlick, S.; Schnepp, O., Infrared spectra of the lithium halide monomers and dimers in inert matrices at low temperature, J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 41, 463. [all data] Snelson, 1967 Snelson, A., Infrared spectrum of LiF, Li2F2, and Li3F3 by matrix isolation, J. Chem. Phys., 1967, 46, 3652. [all data] Bedding and Moran, 1974 Bedding, D.R.; Moran, T.I., Vibrational-state lifetime of 6LiF, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1974, 9, 2324. [all data] Notes Go To: Top, Constants of diatomic molecules, References Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database. Customer support for NIST Standard Reference Data products.

Bedding and Moran, 1974 Bedding, D.R.; Moran, T.I., Vibrational-state lifetime of 6LiF, Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys., 1974, 9, 2324. [all data]

Russell, 1958 Russell, A.M., Magnetic moments due to rotation in Li6F and Li7F, Phys. Rev., 1958, 111, 1558. [all data]

You should tell your doctor if these mild side effects of barium-sulfate contrast materials become severe or do not go away:

Wharton, Klemperer, et al., 1963 Wharton, L.; Klemperer, W.; Gold, L.P.; Strauch, R.; Gallagher, J.J.; Derr, V.E., Microwave spectrum, spectroscopic constants, and electric dipole moment of Li6F19, J. Chem. Phys., 1963, 38, 1203. [all data]

Before arriving for your exam, you will be given specific instructions on how to prepare for the exam. Because contrast materials carry a slight risk of causing an allergic reaction or adverse reaction, you should tell your doctor about any of the following conditions. These conditions could affect the instructions you are given.

For MR imaging, gadolinium contrast material administration is usually avoided due to unknown risk to the baby. However, it may be used when critical information can only be obtained with the use of the gadolinium-based contrast agent.

If you have not been sedated, no recovery period is necessary. You may resume your usual activities and normal diet immediately after the exam. Increased fluid intake will help eliminate the contrast material from your body.

When a physician needs to understand what is happening inside our bodies, they often request that a patient undergo an imaging exam. Imaging exams such as x-rays, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MRI), and fluoroscopy are selected based on their ability to show specific information about the structures within the body. Contrast materials, also known as contrast agents or contrast media, are used to improve the diagnostic value of those imaging exams.

Linevsky, 1961 Linevsky, M.J., Infrared spectrum of lithium fluoride monomer by matrix isolation, J. Chem. Phys., 1961, 34, 587. [all data]

If the mother remains concerned about any potential ill effects, she should be given the opportunity to make an informed decision as to whether to continue or temporarily abstain from breast-feeding after receiving a gadolinium contrast medium. If the mother so desires, she may abstain from breast-feeding for 24 hours with active expression and discarding of breast milk from both breasts during that period. In anticipation of this, she may wish to use a breast pump to obtain milk before the contrast study to feed the infant during the 24-hour period following the examination."

Iodine-based contrast materials injected into a vein (intravenously) are used to enhance x-ray (including fluoroscopic images) and CT images. Iodine based contrast materials are also commonly injected in the arteries during angiogram procedures. Gadolinium injected into a vein (intravenously) is used to enhance MR images. Typically, these are used to enhance:

Contrast materials can have a chemical structure that includes iodine, a naturally occurring chemical element. These contrast materials can be injected into veins or arteries, within the disks or the fluid spaces of the spine, and into other body cavities.

Contrast materials are safe drugs; adverse reactions ranging from mild to severe do occur, but severe reactions are very uncommon. While serious allergic or other reactions to contrast materials are rare, radiology departments are well-equipped to deal with them.

Braunstein and Trischka, 1955 Braunstein, R.; Trischka, J.W., Molecular constants and nuclear-molecular interactions of Li7F19 by the molecular beam electric resonance method, Phys. Rev., 1955, 98, 1092. [all data]

Prior to any imaging exam, women should always inform their physician or technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant. Many imaging tests and contrast material administrations are avoided during pregnancy to minimize risk to the baby.