Optimized for polarized light microscopy, these semi-apochromat objectives provide flat images with high transmission up to the near-infrared region of the spectrum. They are designed to minimize internal strain to meet the requirements of polarization, Nomarski DIC, brightfield, and fluorescence applications.

The fact that such MTF test stations can be operated by anyone without a high level of optical training is an added advantage. The tool can be plugged into any in-progress system for quick testing, which can then command a course correction if required.

3. Using Frequency GenerationFrequency generation is the simplest method in this list as it deals with a single spatial frequency. Manual measurement of contrast of the captured image is noted and plotted in a graph over a range of spatial frequencies. The variance in image contrast and source frequencies gives the required MTF information to ascertain the quality of the lens under test.

The key to measuring MTF is to know that image quality is measured in terms of contrast. As a principle, MTF can only be applied to systems where an input results in an output or response. Camera sensors, IR imagers, and seismometers are a few examples of such a system.

This article explores some of these effective MTF measurement methods that can help engineers and manufacturers keep up with the demand for high standards in optical systems. It will also touch upon an MTF test station by CI Systems that can be used for effective testing of infrared (IR) elements.

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3. Lens MTF measurement is possible in real-timeAnother advantage of using the MTF testing standard is that it can be applied directly in an application environment. The MTF testing environment can be customized according to the nature of the equipment and setup of the entire system. This allows in-process optics testing regardless of the type of optical system that needs testing.

These semi-apochromat and achromat objectives are designed for integrated phase contrast observation of cell cultures. They are used in combination with a pre-centered phase contrast slider (CKX3-SLP), eliminating centering adjustments when changing the objective magnification.

CCD (charge coupled device) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) image sensors are two different technologies for capturing images digitally.

Unsure of what microscope objective is right for you? Use our guide on selecting the right microscope objective to weigh your options.

MTF

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5. Using Slanted-Edge MethodThis is a relatively newer model and is applicable to closed test environments due to its aversion to noise. The method analyzes the image of a slanted knife-edge target, which can be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional as per the requirements.

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These extended apochromat objectives offer high NA, wide homogenous image flatness, 400 nm to 1000 nm chromatic aberration compensation, and the ability to observe phase contrast. Use them to observe transparent and colorless specimens such as live cells, biological tissues, and microorganisms.

This super-corrected apochromat objective corrects a broad range of color aberrations to provide images that capture fluorescence in the proper location. Delivering a high degree of correction for lateral and axial chromatic aberration in 2D and 3D images, it offers reliability and accuracy for colocalization analysis.

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The ocular lens is located at the top of the eyepiece tube where you position your eye during observation, while the objective lens is located closer to the sample. The ocular lens generally has a low magnification but works in combination with the objective lens to achieve greater magnification power. It magnifies the magnified image already captured by the objective lens. While the ocular lens focuses purely on magnification, the objective lens performs other functions, such as controlling the overall quality and clarity of the microscope image.

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These extended apochromat objectives offers a high numerical aperture (NA), wide homogenous image flatness, and 400 nm to 1000 nm chromatic aberration compensation. They enable high-resolution, bright image capture for a range of applications, including brightfield, fluorescence, and confocal super resolution microscopy.

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For instance, an MTF chart can be used to derive the Bokeh effect, which is used to measure the quality of the out-of-focus areas of an image that a lens produces. The Bokeh effect is influenced primarily by the quality of the lens materials and the number of aperture blades. According to various studies on lenses and their quality, more blades promise a higher Bokeh.

MTF measurement for lenses and other optical systems is an important testing method to gauge the quality of a system’s ability to record an image. The data given out by tools like the OptiShop is instrumental in ensuring quality control, especially for demanding systems where high accuracy and resolution are the norm. MTF measurement finds routine application in ophthalmology, advanced photography, and photo-lithography.

Here’s a quick questionnaire to further break down the use cases of OptiShop as an effective MTF measurement tool. Engineers can use this questionnaire to pinpoint the type of information they hope to capture using MTF testing.MTF Station - OptiShop by CI Systems

1. Using Scanning MethodsScanning utilizes the linear system theory, in which an image captured by the test lens (with a known input) is studied to derive MTF parameters. Determining the spatial frequency of the image captured by the test lens will give the spatial profile, which in turn will help calculate the spread function. Executing Fourier transform of this derived function will help determine the quality of the optical system under test.

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A corollary to this advantage is that MTF also allows modeling concatenated systems i.e., systems that use two or more optical or optics-related equipment. The product of MTF measurement of each of those systems can be correlated with that of the system as one. This is beneficial for testing complex systems that are made of different types of optical test devices such as collimators and integrating spheres.

Modulation transfer function (MTF) is considered a standard of optical system characterization. Effective MTF measurement allows designers and optical metrology engineers to ensure electro-optical systems perform as expected with high accuracy and resolution.

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Objective lenses are responsible for primary image formation, determining the quality of the image produced and controlling the total magnification and resolution. They can vary greatly in design and quality.

Offering our highest numerical aperture values, these apochromat objectives are optimized for high-contrast TIRF and super resolution imaging. Achieve wide flatness with the UPLAPO-HR objectives’ high NA, enabling  real-time super resolution imaging of live cells and micro-organelles.

While there are a handful of methods available to measure the performance of optical systems, some are better and offer more actionable metrics than others. This is partly influenced by the equipment and technology used in the testing.

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Designed for clinical research and routine examination in labs using phase contrast illumination, these achromat objectives offer excellent field flatness.

Before getting down to the different methods of MTF measurement, here’s a quick consideration of MTF as a tool. With resolution and contrast as its two prime components, MTF offers an understanding of what happens when a lens or an optical system is unable to transfer the expected levels of details from an object to an image. In other words, the decrease or increase in MTF as a function of modulation or contrast versus resolution – which is called the MTF curve – is the critical takeaway here.

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To clean a microscope objective lens, first remove the objective lens and place it on a flat surface with the front lens facing up. Use a blower to remove any particles without touching the lens. Then fold a piece of lens paper into a narrow triangular shape. Moisten the pointed end of the paper with small amount of lens cleaner and place it on the lens. Wipe the lens in a spiral cleaning motion starting from the lens’ center to the edge. Check your work for any remaining residue with an eyepiece or loupe. If needed, repeat this wiping process with a new lens paper until the lens is clean. Important: never wipe a dry lens, and avoid using abrasive or lint cloths and facial or lab tissues. Doing so can scratch the lens surface. Find more tips on objective lens cleaning in our blog post, 6 Tips to Properly Clean Immersion Oil off Your Objectives.

These semi-apochromat objectives enable phase contrast observation while providing a high level of resolution, contrast, and flatness for unstained specimens.

2. MTF measurement can be tailored for specific applicationsWith MTF measurement, engineers can correlate the resulting information with the corresponding attributes of the end application. For example, if a photography system has a specific range of pixel resolution, MTF can allow testing within that range. This will ensure that the optical system is tested and rated according to its specifications. There is no need to use a standard one-size-fits-all measurement technique. Although, it should be noted that MTF is a system-agnostic measurement standard.

MTF is also a great standard to use to measure two or more identical optical systems. Even though a manufacturer might guarantee identical composition in its systems, vendors and engineers can still use MTF charts to confirm whether the systems are indeed identical. This is widely used in ophthalmic measurements as that field of medicine requires high-precision systems.

For phase contrast observation of cell cultures, these universal semi-apochromat objectives provide long working distances and flat images with high transmission up to the near-infrared region. They help you achieve clear images of culture specimens regardless of the thickness and material of the vessel.

MTF measurement also acts as a universal testing method for optical systems. Using the MTF system prevents the influence of any kind of human error or other external forces in the designs or their testing. Lastly, MTF measurement offers additional parameters of image characterization for engineers to work on. Field curvature is just one such element that can be gauged using an MTF test system.

4. Using InterferometryIn this lens MTF measurement method, the pupil function of the lens under test is auto-correlated or its point spread function is calculated by Fourier transforming the pupil wavefront. The advantage of this method is that it can be linearly tested with certain applications that operate in limited wavelengths. Unlike video capture, interferometry is not capable of handling systems with wide ranges.

There are four to five major methodologies of MTF measurement, namely frequency, slit scanning, video capture, and interferometry. Slanted-edge testing is the fifth method. The methods available today at the disposal of testing engineers are all variants of these techniques, thanks to advances in optical technologies. Here’s a quick look at these MTF measurement methodologies.

Many microscopes have several objective lenses that you can rotate the nosepiece to view the specimen at varying magnification powers. Usually, you will find multiple objective lenses on a microscope, consisting of 1.25X to 150X.

OptiShop can also handle video capture more effectively as it is designed for a wide range of IR Imagers and other cameras. The video method is known to give much richer measurement data including additional parameters such as distortion and field curvature, which makes OptiShop a preferred test station for large organizations that handle different types of optical systems.

For relief contrast observation of living cells, including oocytes, in plastic vessels, our universal semi-apochromat objectives feature a long working distance. These also provide high image flatness and high transmission up to the near-infrared region.

Enabling tissue culture observation through bottles and dishes, these universal semi-apochromat objectives feature a long working distance and high contrast and resolution. Providing flat images and high transmission up to the NIR region, they are well suited for brightfield, DIC, and fluorescence observation.

Designed for low-magnification, macro fluorescence observation, this semi-apochromat objective offers a long working distance, a high NA, and high transmission of 340 nm wavelength light.

All of this makes the MTF measurement standard an indispensable part of any optical system management. Investing in methods or test stations that apply MTF measurement in real time can thus be considered a wise use of one’s capital, time, and efforts.

1. MTF is a quantitative measure of image qualityThe best way to test out an optical system is to measure the quality of the image it records. It can be anything from as common as contact lenses used by individuals to imagers used in automotive industries. Out of all the technical parameters of such an optical system, its ability to transfer various levels of detail from an object to a recorded image within an expected range of resolution is considered the foremost. This ability is measured in terms of modulation, or in the context of images, contrast.

Designed for phase contrast observation of cell cultures in transmitted light, these achromat objectives combine field flatness and easy focusing with cost efficiency. They are well suited for routine microscopy demands.

Optimized for multiphoton excitation imaging, these objectives achieve high-resolution 3D imaging through fluorescence detection at a focal point of a large field of view. They enable high-precision imaging of biological specimens to a depth of up to 8 mm for in vivo and transparent samples.

Designed for clinical research and routine examination work in the laboratory, these achromat objectives provide the level of field flatness required for fluorescence, darkfield, and brightfield observation in transmitted light.

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For high-performance macro-observation, these apochromat objectives provide sharp, clear, flat images without color shift, achieving high transmission up to the near-infrared region of the spectrum. They perform well for fluorescence, brightfield, and Nomarksi DIC observations.

These apochromat objectives are dedicated to Fura-2 imaging that features high transmission of 340 nm wavelength light, which works well for calcium imaging with Fura-2 fluorescent dye. They perform well for fluorescence imaging through UV excitation.

These super apochromat objectives provide spherical and chromatic aberration compensation and high transmission from the visible to the near infrared. Using silicone oil or water immersion media, which have refractive indexes closely matching that of live cells, they achieve high-resolution imaging deep in living tissue.

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For clinical research requiring polarized light microscopy and pathology training, these achromat objectives enable transmitted polarized light observation at an affordable cost.

For relief contrast observation of living cells, including oocytes, in plastic vessels using transmitted light, these achromat objectives provide excellent field flatness.

It’s the most cost-effective yet time-consuming way of measuring optical systems. The OptiShop by CI Systems is capable of testing using the scanning methods.

This semi-apochromat objective series provides flat images and high transmission up to the near-infrared region of the spectrum. Acquiring sharp, clear images without color shift, they offer the desired quality and performance for fluorescence, brightfield, and Nomarksi DIC observations.

MTF is also not restricted by wavelength ranges. There is no need for adjustments in measuring parameters either as MTF works as a one-size-fits-all testing device for any and all types of optical systems.

While applying one of these MTF measurement methods is essential to studying the performance of a lens, additional parameters can be recorded and analyzed to get more information on the quality.

For use without a coverslip or cover glass, these objectives prevent image deterioration even under high magnification, making them well suited for blood smear specimens. They also feature extended flatness and high chromatic aberration correction.

MTF is a variant of optical transfer function (OTF) and is widely used as a benchmark test today to measure the performance of lenses and other electro-optical systems such as infrared (IR) imagers and virtual reality (VR) optics.

MTF as a measurement system considers the spatial frequencies of an image structure and presents simple, direct information. This is akin to audio frequency response, which is why optical systems are often measured for their modulation.

2. Using Video CaptureVideo capture MTF testing is the most thorough and versatile method of MTF measurement as it allows testing at higher throughput rates and can test a wide range of optical systems. It works on the linear system theory similar to the scanning methods with the exception that a solid-state array is placed at the focal plane of the lens under test instead of using a tiny light source.

While it is the simplest, the frequency generation method is highly prone to human errors. Another disadvantage is the need for simultaneous manipulation of sources and detectors to vary the frequencies and contrast, which may not be viable for large optical systems. Furthermore, calibration of the test equipment, including of instruments such as black bodies and other sources also poses a hurdle in this method. It is no longer used as a defining MTF measurement method and is always supported by iterations or cross-checking using other methods.

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Modulation transfer function

The peculiarity of scanning methods is in its choice of a tiny light source like a small pinhole. Any optical system will only capture a blur of this light source, helping engineers detect the variation in the image’s spatial profile.

Microscope objectives come in a range of designs, including apochromat, semi-apochromat, and achromat, among others. Our expansive collection of microscope objectives suits a wide variety of life science applications and observation methods. Explore our selection below to find a microscope objective that meets your needs. You can also use our Objective Finder tool to compare options and locate the ideal microscope objective for your application.

These semi-apochromat long-working distance water-dipping objectives for electrophysiology deliver flat images for DIC and fluorescence imaging from the visible range to the near-infrared. Their high NA and low magnification enables bright, precise macro/micro fluorescence imaging for samples such as brain tissue.

MTF measurement gives an easy picture of how well an optical system was built and how accurate it will be in its applications. This is more important in fields of science where high precision is the bare minimum requirement.

MTF measurement can also be customized according to the type and size of the lens under test. For example, in 2010, a team of physicists developed a flexible MTF measurement system to measure micro lenses. The team used a “conventional optical microscope with an optimized approach for lens illumination”, after which the measurement data was correlated with that of a commercial MTF measurement system.