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Olejniczak, E.T., Xu, R.X., Petros, A.M. & Fesik, S.W. Optimized constant-time 4D HNCAHA and HN(CO)CAHA experiments: applications to the backbone assignments of the FKBP/ascomycin complex. J. Magn. Reson. 100, 444–450 (1992).

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Nature Structural & Molecular Biology (Nat Struct Mol Biol) ISSN 1545-9985 (online) ISSN 1545-9993 (print)

What isgrating

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How does diffraction grating workin physics

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What isdiffraction gratingin Physics

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Diffraction gratingexperiment

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Anderson, M.S. et al. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase of Escherichia coli: the first step of endotoxin biosynthesis is thermodynamically unfavorable. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19858–19865 (1993).

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What isgratingconstant

Diffraction gratingformula

A diffraction grating is able to disperse a beam of various wavelengths into a spectrum of associated lines because of the principle of diffraction: in any particular direction, only those waves of a given wavelength will be conserved, all the rest being destroyed because of interference with one another. Gratings give exceptionally high resolutions of spectral lines. The resolving power (R) of an optical instrument represents the ability to separate closely spaced lines in a spectrum and is equal to the wavelength λ divided by the smallest difference (Δλ) in two wavelengths that can be detected; i.e., R = λ/Δλ. Thus, for a grating 10 centimetres wide and ruled with 10,000 lines per centimetre, the resolution in the first diffraction order would be 100,000. For a wavelength emission in the ultraviolet, say λ = 300 nanometres (3 × 10-7 metre), a wavelength difference of Δλ = 3 × 10-12 metre (about 1/100 the diameter of an atom) should be theoretically possible.

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Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3711 DUMC, 242 Nanaline Duke Building, Research Drive, Durham, 27710, North Carolina, USA

What isdiffraction grating

Young, K. et al. The envA permeability/cell division gene of Escherichia coli encodes the second enzyme of lipid A biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 30384–30391 (1995).

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The lines on gratings are made by an extremely precise machine called a ruling engine, which uses a diamond-tipped tool to press thousands of very fine, shallow lines onto a highly polished surface. Newer techniques rule the lines photographically, using laser interferometry.

Diffraction gratingpattern

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Kelly, T.M., Stachula, S.A., Raetz, C.R.H. & Anderson, M.S. The firA gene of Escherichia coli encodes UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-glucosamine N-acyltransferase: the third step of endotoxin biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19866–19874 (1993).

diffraction grating, component of optical devices consisting of a surface ruled with close, equidistant, and parallel lines for the purpose of resolving light into spectra. A grating is said to be a transmission or reflection grating according to whether it is transparent or mirrored—that is, whether it is ruled on glass or on a thin metal film deposited on a glass blank. Reflection gratings are further classified as plane or concave, the latter being a spherical surface ruled with lines that are the projection of equidistant and parallel lines on an imaginary plane surface. The advantage of a concave grating over a plane grating is its ability to produce sharp spectral lines without the aid of lenses or additional mirrors. This makes it useful in the infrared and ultraviolet regions in which these radiations would otherwise be absorbed upon passage through a lens.

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Coggins, B., Li, X., McClerren, A. et al. Structure of the LpxC deacetylase with a bound substrate-analog inhibitor. Nat Struct Mol Biol 10, 645–651 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nsb948

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We thank J. Rudolph for helpful and stimulating discussions. This work was supported by grants from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Institute of General Medical Sciences (to C.R.H.R.), the NIH and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (to P.Z.), the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (to O.H.) and the Whitehead Institute (to P.Z.). X.L. is the recipient of a graduate scholarship in carbohydrate chemistry from the Alberta Research Council.

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Ultrafast spectroscopy uses ultrashort laser pulses to study atomic and molecular structure and dynamics on extremely short time scales. Several methods of ...

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The zinc-dependent UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of lipid A, the hydrophobic anchor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that constitutes the outermost monolayer of Gram-negative bacteria. As LpxC is crucial for the survival of Gram-negative organisms and has no sequence homology to known mammalian deacetylases or amidases, it is an excellent target for the design of new antibiotics. The solution structure of LpxC from Aquifex aeolicus in complex with a substrate-analog inhibitor, TU-514, reveals a novel α/β fold, a unique zinc-binding motif and a hydrophobic passage that captures the acyl chain of the inhibitor. On the basis of biochemical and structural studies, we propose a catalytic mechanism for LpxC, suggest a model for substrate binding and provide evidence that mobility and dynamics in structural motifs close to the active site have key roles in the capture of the substrate.

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