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Ultrafast spectroscopywikipedia

A more practical example of a kinematic coupling is hanging artwork. Mounting artwork in a dorm room doesn’t require much precision beyond stepping back to make sure it looks straight, but hanging professional artwork in a museum or gallery is a non-trivial task that takes a significant amount of time and is most often hand measured. Furthermore, a smaller painting can be fairly easily adjusted, but if you’re working with “The Wedding at Cana” the largest piece of art in the Louvre, strong and precise ways to attach the artwork become essential. The wall hanging kinematic coupling is a potential method for accurately hanging artwork. A kinematic coupling is particularly useful for this application, because it would allow a curator to remove the artwork for cleaning or a sale and replace it without needing to re-measure and level the art.

The superior beam quality and long-term stability of the Astrella regenerative amplifier, as well as the intrinsic flexibility of the Monaco ytterbium fiber amplifier, make them ideal turnkey engines for experiments in extreme operating regimes.

Discusses nano-scale imaging of carrier dynamics over a wide range of lifetimes by femtosecond lasers combined with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM).

Ultrafast spectroscopyprinciple

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Ultrafast laser pulses enable the study of fast events in all kinds of materials. Many of these studies use some type of pump-probe method where one pulse excites the sample and another pulse interrogates the outcome. That’s because the best tool to match the incredible time resolution of a UF laser pulse is another UF laser pulse! Some of the experimental setups are therefore quite complicated. That’s why we emphasize simplicity and reliability in all our ultrafast lasers – so you can put all your focus on your experiment, never the laser.

Discover the Coherent Monaco 1300, a one-box ultrafast 1300 nm light source with a pulse width shorter than 50 fs developed for three-photon imaging.

The key questions underlying the theory of this exercise are: Does the coupling deform less than the maximum acceptable amount under the range of loads it will be subjected to, and is it still constrained in the way you want it to be when subjected to load?

For this application, no more than 0.1 degree of tilt / rotation is acceptable, as this offset will be noticeable to the human eye as crooked.

Kinematic couplings provide a repeatable, accurate method for locating two parts in relation to one another by constraining the six degrees of motion - x, y, z and pitch, yaw, and roll. Six is the magic number, any less than six and the system will be under constrained, but also any more than six and the system becomes over constrained – both with consequences. An over constrained system risks inducing parasitic stresses and forces and can break down under deformation. Exact constraint of a system ensures that the system will behave deterministically.

Online shopping for lasers, optical fibers, power meters and sensors, accessories, and much more on Coherent online has never been easier.

Kinematic couplings are strategic in designs that require part of the assembly to be removed and re-attached with high repeatability and precise placement. Example applications could be interchangeable mounted robotic arms for different functionality or interchanging tool couplings accurately for a mill.

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Chameleon Discovery NX Lasers address the most demanding requirements in two-photon imaging and spectroscopy by delivering industry-leading power levels and tunablity.

Typically, the installation process for a piece of artwork, especially a larger piece, would be to first mark the top of the desired placement, and calculate how much lower to place the hooks. Then, draw a perfectly horizontal line and bolt two (or more) hooks into the wall. The piece of artwork can then be hung from a horizontal wire attached to two sides of the frame, but needs to be adjusted side to side to ensure that it is centered and hanging evenly from the two hooks. Larger pieces have more secure bolts fastened to the frame.

Initially, the proposed kinematic coupling included a decoupled alignment and attachment system, but the final designs integrates the two functions into a kinematic coupling that provides preload and precision alignment.

Figures: Dimensioned drawings of the KC vertical, Creating the grooves for the ball connectors and the underlying sketches for the part, Solid model of a vertical kinematic coupling, and final constructed vertical kinematic coupling.

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Unfortunately, the kinematic coupling spreadsheet is optimized for a 3 ball 3 groove horizontal kinematic coupling. I filled out the excel sheet with the relevant data for this vertical coupling to practice and understand the spreadsheet, the analysis is shown below.

Ultrafastlaserspectroscopy

Learn how an ultra-stable femtosecond amplifier enables high data output in two-dimensional infrared spectroscopic studies of biological membranes and surfactants.

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Stated in the proposal, the maximum amount of angular error acceptable is 0.1 degrees in the x-y plane. The measured maximum angular error in the y-direction was 0.000411 degrees, significantly less than the acceptable range. This was measured with a load of 1 lb. Future measurements could be conducted with heavier loads to simulate different sized pieces of artwork.

The most important degree of motion to accurately constrain for this application is the rotational motion about the center of the coupling triangle. Rotational motion would lead to an offset from parallel of the top of the coupling, which would indicate a tilt in the artwork attached to the coupling. Thus, this was the primary degree of motion tested for error.

2D techniques like 2DIR, 2DES, and 2DSFG provide unique data connecting energy levels of biomolecules, proteins, catalysts, and advanced materials.

Ultrafastoptics

See how a group led by Prof Wei Xiong leveraged a Coherent Astrella amplifier to study the efficacy of heterogenous catalysts with 2D spectroscopy.

Astrella integrated kHz Ultrafast Ti:S Amplifiers deliver better data and lower data costs to enable 2D spectroscopy, THz studies, fs micromachining, and more.

The combination of high pulse energy and long term stability from a Coherent Astrella ultrafast amplifier enables precise characterization of how molecules are bound to surfaces, with implications from green energy catalysts to electronics and biological membranes.

“The high reliability and operational simplicity of Coherent ultrafast lasers are critical advantages because of the optical and electronic complexities of our imaging method.”

The test setup sought to minimize errors by securing the bottom of the coupling to a heavy table in the shop and hot gluing the laser pointer to the ball side of the coupling to make sure there was so slop from the tape shifting during testing. The distance of the laser pointer was 12.5 meters (1249 cm). Ten trials were completed, in which the ball side of the coupling was fully removed and then replaced on the groove side and the laser pointer center was measured. The laser pointer made a large mark on the paper regardless of distance. To maintain consistency of measurement across the trials two crossed lines were drawn on the laser ellipse on the paper, and the center point of these two lines was considered the measurement point. A 1 lb. weight was attached to the front of the ball side of the coupling to emulate the moment created by the weight of a piece of artwork hanging from the coupling.

Coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy (CMDS) represents a powerful group of spectroscopic techniques with the unique ability to reveal couplings between different states of a system, as well as their relaxation timescales.

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Scientists at Elettra-Sincrotrone, Trieste, Italy, use a novel scheme to generate VUV pulses at 10.8 eV (115 nm) from a Coherent Monaco amplifier.

The proposed design of this kinematic coupling initially mentioned that the vertical coupling could be modified to integrate both the hanging and alignment mechanisms, eliminating the need for hook installation - this would be an added bonus to the design. The final coupling presented does integrate these two functionalities by using the principle of reciprocity, placing the top center groove on the back of the main plate to provide a force resisting the moment of the picture frame hanging on the mount.

Shown below is a table, graph and image of the results of testing. The first data point shown in gray in the table was not included in the calculations, because the ball was not fully placed within the groove on the back of the coupling, but the point is included in the data to demonstrate the error of misalignment compared to alignment of all the grooves.

What type of materials can one use to create 10 thou precision kinematic couplings? Can you use donuts and candy? To test this I built a Kelvin coupling, shown below, using donuts, peanut butter as the epoxy, Whoppers as the curved mating surface, spice drops as the grooves and a double length piece of spaghetti as the measuring tool.

The top coupling with the whoppers and spaghetti was removed and replaced 13 times and the tip of the spaghetti was marked each time, the markings are shown below. This data was then put into an excel sheet and the angular error was calculated as a function of the length of the spaghetti. Averaging the deviations for X and Y I found that the X average deviation was 0.1042 in and the Y deviation was 0.01446 in.

The superior beam quality and long-term stability of the Astrella regenerative amplifier makes it an ideal turnkey engine for experiments in extreme operating regimes that formerly required complex sources and considerable laser expertise.

An innovative and commercially available set-up for multidimensional coherent spectroscopy coupled with microscopy to study spatially-resolved optical coherence times, coherent coupling between excitons, and charge transfer in a TMD heterostructure.

The green coupling significantly impacts the accuracy of the x-degree of freedom as it's two contact points constrain the ball in the x direction. As you can see in the image, the two pieces of candy have a slight draft angle from the top to the bottom. I also observed during testing that the two green pieces of candy tended to slowly move apart in the peanut butter and midway through I pushed them closer again. The compliance and variability of this couple definitely was a factor in the increased error of the x-axis.

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Use our ultrafast lasers to study processes on femtosecond or picosecond timescales or use the broadband output for 2D applications.

Vitara Lasers are the industry benchmark for integrated, ultra-broadband, flexible ultrafast laser oscillators and are ideal for demanding applications.

Would this coupling work for “The Marriage Feast at Cana” a huge piece of artwork? There are two reasons why this exact coupling wouldn’t work: the material and fabrication would not hold the weight and this kinematic coupling is too small to resist the large moments from a sizable painting. A much larger coupling or series of couplings could be designed specifically for the largest pieces.

To install, when the art is removed and replaced the exact positioning is retained and manual adjustment, alignment and leveling is unnecessary.

Amplifier thermal stability is critical. Our chamber runs at up to 950 degrees C internally and heats the lab significantly during long experiments. The power, beam shape, and pointing of Astrella are all unaffected by these ambient changes.