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Recent advances in holographic grating technology now permit complete correction of ALL aberrations present in a spherical mirror-based CZ spectrometer at one wavelength, with excellent mitigation over a wide wavelength range (12).

Coma is the result of the off-axis geometry of a PGS and is seen as a skewing of rays in the dispersion plane enlarging the base on one side of a spectral line.

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Spherical aberration is the result of rays emanating away from the center of an optical surface failing to find the same focal point as those from the center (see Fig. 14). The OPD due to spherical aberration varies with the fourth power of the numerical aperture and cannot be corrected without the use of aspheric optics.

The Czerny-Turner (CZ) monochromator consists of two concave mirrors and one planar diffraction grating. By using an asymmetrical geometry, a Czerny-Turner configuration may be designed to produce a flattened spectral field and good coma correction at one wavelength.

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CZ Spectrograph: Instead of using a slit on the exit slit, there will be an array detector placed on the exit slit, in this case, the spectrograph will cover a certain spectral range in one shot.

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By using an asymmetrical geometry, a Czerny-Turner configuration may be designed to produce a flattened spectral field and good coma correction at one wavelength. Spherical aberration and astigmatism will remain at all wavelengths.

Note: In practice the highest wavelength attainable is limited by the mechanical rotation of the grating. This means that doubling the groove density of the grating will halve the spectral range.

Optical Advantages: Aspheric lenses are designed to reduce aberrations, especially spherical aberration. Spherical aberration is a distortion that occurs when ...

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Definitions: LA - entrance arm length LB - exit arm length h -  height of entrance slit h' - height of image of the entrance slit α - angle of incidence β - angle of diffraction w - width of entrance slit w' - width of entrance slit image Dg - diameter of a circular grating Wg - width of a rectangular grating Hg - height of a rectangular grating

For example: Defocusing results in rays finding a focus outside the detector surface producing a blurred image that will degrade bandpass, spatial resolution, and optical signal-tonoise ratio. A good example could be the spherical wavefront illuminating mirror M1 in Fig. 10. Defocusing should not be a problem in a PGS monochromator used with a single exit slit and a PMT detector. However, in an uncorrected PGS there is field curvature that would display defocusing towards the ends of a planar linear diode array. Geometrically corrected CZ configurations such as that shown in Fig. 10 nearly eliminate the problem. The OPD due to defocusing varies as the square of the numerical aperture.

In the common Czerny-Turner design, the broad band illumination source (A) is aimed at an entrance slit (B). The amount of light energy available for use depends on the intensity of the source in the space defined by the slit (width x height) and the acceptance angle of the optical system. The slit is placed at the effective focus of a curved mirror (the collimator, C) so that the light from the slit reflected from the mirror is collimated (focused at infinity). The collimated light is diffracted from the grating (D) and then is collected by another mirror (E) which refocuses the light, now dispersed, on the exit slit (F).

A toroidal mirror corrects for astigmatism, allowing the tangential (resolution optimized) and sagittal (imaging optimized) focal planes to cross at the center of the focal plane.

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A toroidal mirror corrects for astigmatism, allowing the tangential (resolution optimized) and sagittal (imaging optimized) focal planes to cross at the center of the focal plane.

Spherical aberration is the result of rays emanating away from the center of an optical surface failing to find the same focal point as those from the center.

Basically, an OPD is the difference between an actual wavefront produced and a "reference wavefront” that would be obtained if there were no aberrations. This reference wavefront is a sphere centered at the image, or a plane if the image is at infinity.

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Astigmatism has the effect of taking a point at the entrance slit and imaging it as a line perpendicular to the dispersion plane at the exit (see Fig. 15), thereby preventing spatial resolution and increasing slit height with subsequent degradation of optical signal-to-noise ratio.

A spectrometer separates an incoming light source into its spectral components, while measuring the outgoing light intensity emitted by a substance over a broad spectral range. The incident light from the light source can be transmitted, absorbed or reflected through the sample. It is widely used for spectroscopic analysis of sample materials.

PGS spectrometers exhibit certain aberrations that degrade spectral resolution, spatial resolution, or signal-to-noise ratio. The most significant are astigmatism, coma, spherical aberration and defocusing. PGS systems are used off-axis, so the aberrations will be different in each plane. It is not within the scope of this document to review the concepts and details of these aberrations, (4) however, it is useful to understand the concept of Optical Path Difference (OPD) when considering the effects of aberrations.

ACHG monochromators and spectrographs use a single holographic grating with no ancillary optics. In these systems, the grating both focuses and diffracts the incident light.

βH - Angle between perpendicular to spectral plane and grating normal. LH - Perpendicular distance from spectral plane to grating.

This provides the flexibility to choose between imaging and resolution optimization (with a CCD detector) by selecting the desired detection angle. It will make the spectrograph having the largest flat fields available in an imaging spectrograph.

Monochromator and spectrometer systems form an image of the entrance slit in the exit plane at the wavelengths present in the light source. There are numerous configurations by which this may be achieved; only the most common are discussed in this document, including Plane Grating Systems (PGS) and Aberration Corrected Holographic Grating (ACHG) systems.

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A spectrograph splits light from an object into its component wavelengths so that it can be recorded and analyzed. It provides an image of defined bandwidth and wavelength. A spectrograph includes some means, like an electronic detector, for recording the spectrum for analysis.

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A portion of the mirror first collimates the light which will fall upon the plane grating. A separate portion of the mirror then focuses the dispersed light from the grating into images of the entrance slit in the exit plane.

With only one optic in their design, these devices are inexpensive and compact. Fig. 18 illustrates an ACHG monochromator. Fig. 19 illustrates an ACHG spectrograph in which the location of the focal plane is established by:

CZ Spectrograph: Instead of using a slit on the exit slit, there will be an array detector placed on the exit slit, in this case, the spectrograph will cover a certain spectral range in one shot.

A toroidal mirror corrects for astigmatism, allowing the tangential (resolution optimized) and sagittal (imaging optimized) focal planes to cross at the center of the focal plane.

ACHG monochromators and spectrographs use a single holographic grating with no ancillary optics. In these systems, the grating both focuses and diffracts the incident light.

The OPD due to astigmatism varies with the square of numerical aperture and the square of the off-axis angle, and cannot be corrected without employing aspheric optics.

A monochromator produces a beam of light with an extremely narrow bandwidth, or light of a single color. It is used in optical measuring instruments where tunable monochromatic light is sought.A monochromator produces a beam of light with an extremely narrow bandwidth, or light of a single color. It is used in optical measuring instruments where tunable monochromatic light is sought.

Astigmatism is characteristic of off-axis geometry. In this case, a spherical mirror illuminated by a plane wave incident at an angle to the normal (such as mirror M2 in Fig. 10) will present two foci: the tangential focus, Ft, and the sagittal focus, FS.

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Coma is the result of the off-axis geometry of a PGS and is seen as a skewing of rays in the dispersion plane enlarging the base on one side of a spectral line as shown in Fig. 13. Coma may be responsible for both degraded bandpass and optical signal-to-noise ratio. The OPD due to coma varies as the cube of the numerical aperture. Coma may be corrected at one wavelength in a CZ by calculating an appropriate operating geometry as shown in Fig. 13.

In case of astigmatism, a spherical mirror illuminated by a plane wave incident at an angle to the normal will present two foci: the tangential focus and the sagittal focus.

Although the two mirrors function in the same separate capacities as the single spherical mirror of the Fastie-Ebert configuration, i.e., first collimating the light source (mirror 1), and second, focusing the dispersed light from the grating (mirror 2), the geometry of the mirrors in the Czerny-Turner configuration is flexible.

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by A Diaspro · 2006 · Cited by 260 — Multi-photon excitation (MPE) microscopy plays a growing role among microscopical techniques utilized for studying biological matter.