Students dig deep into the engineering design process, applying math, science, and engineering standards to hands-on projects like designing a new toy or improving an existing product.

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LEDs emit very little forward heat. The only real potential downside to this is when LEDs are used for outdoor lighting in wintery conditions. Snow falling on traditional lights like HID will melt when it comes into contact with the light. This is usually overcome with LEDs by covering the light with a visor or facing the light downward towards the ground.

High-intensity discharge lamp definition

Source vs system efficiency is the main reason. So what is source efficiency versus system efficiency? HID lights are very efficient when measured at the source (lumens/watt). This measurement, however, does not take into account the amount of light that actually hits the target area (system efficiency). System efficiency is affected by a myriad of factors that include losses due to trapped light, protective covers or lenses, non-standard operating temperatures, and losses due to power conversion. System efficiency for HID lights is generally only 25% of the source efficiency, as compared to LED lights (whose system efficiency is closer to 50% of the source efficiency). The result is a much more effective light in the case of LEDs.

HID lights have good lifespan relative to some bulbs but not compared to LED. Typical lifespan values range from 6,000 hours to 24,000 hours before a bulb requires replacement. Note: sometimes HID lights need to be changed out before the end of their useful life to preempt serious degradation effects like color changes or cycling.

LEDs are a simple invention with huge potential to change the lighting industry for the better. While the technology has been gradually adopted, it is advancing rapidly and already beats the competition in many if not most applications.

Foot candle is a measure that describes the amount of light reaching a specified surface area as opposed to the total amount of light coming from a source (luminous flux).

Each PLTW Engineering course engages students in interdisciplinary activities like working with a client to design a home, programming electronic devices or robotic arms, or exploring algae as a biofuel source. These activities not only build knowledge and skills in engineering, but also empower students to develop essential skills such as problem solving, critical and creative thinking, communication, collaboration, and perseverance.

LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. A diode is an electrical device or component with two electrodes (an anode and a cathode) through which electricity flows - characteristically in only one direction (in through the anode and out through the cathode). Diodes are generally made from semiconductive materials such as silicon or selenium - solid state substances that conduct electricity in some circumstances and not in others (e.g. at certain voltages, current levels, or light intensities). When current passes through the semiconductor material the device emits visible light. It is very much the opposite of a photovoltaic cell (a device that converts visible light into electrical current).

HID lights require a noticeable warm up period that ranges from half a second in the case of car lights to several minutes in the case of stadium lighting. They may also flicker or cycle on and off as the bulb reaches the end of its useful life.

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HIDs emit a lot of heat. In some circumstances this could be beneficial, however, it is a generally a bad thing as heat losses represent energy inefficiencies. The ultimate purpose of the device is to emit light, not heat.

Students explore how modern engineers help improve the world through diverse engineering fields, such as product design, mechanical design, infrastructure, and sustainability. Students learn and use some of the cutting edge tools engineers use in robotics, 3D modeling, programming, and prototyping.

This package-type Vision Sensor provides both high-end inspection capabilities and excellent processing speed.

Considering the upside you might think that LED lights are a no-brainer. While this is increasingly becoming the case, there are still a few tradeoffs that need to be made when you choose LED:

LED light costs are high but variable depending on the specifications. The typical 100W-equivalent LED light costs somewhere between $10 and $20.

high-intensity discharge lamps used for

100 Degrees Celsius. LEDs are fine for all normal operating temperatures both indoors and outdoors. They do, however, show degraded performance at significantly high temperatures and they require significant heat sinking, especially when in proximity to other sensitive components.

LEDs are very efficient relative to every lighting type on the market. Typical source efficiency ranges 37 and 120 lumens/watt. Where LEDs really shine, however, is in their system efficiency (the amount of light that actually reaches the target area after all losses are accounted for). Most values for LED system efficiency fall above 50 lumens/watt.

High intensity lightBulb

LEDs are very efficient relative to every lighting type on the market. Typical source efficiency ranges 37 and 120 lumens/watt. Where LEDs really shine, however, is in their system efficiency (the amount of light that actually reaches the target area after all losses are accounted for). Most values for LED system efficiency fall above 50 lumens/watt.

high-intensitylightbulbs for cars

In particular, LED lights are relatively expensive. The up-front costs of an LED lighting project are typically greater than most of the alternatives. This is by far the biggest downside that needs to be considered. That said, the price of LEDs are rapidly decreasing and as they continue to be adopted en masse the price will continue to drop.

Using Python® as a primary tool, students develop computational-thinking skills and tackle challenges like designing apps to solve real-world problems for clients.

PLTW schools participate on an annual basis, with year-long, uninterrupted access to hands-on, relevant curriculum for teachers and students.

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LEDs can be extremely small (less than 2mm in some cases) and they can be scaled to a much larger size. All in all this makes the applications in which LEDs can be used extremely diverse.

Renishaw's Centrus detector is designed for Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. It is ideal for the fastest data collection and Raman imaging experiments.

We couldn’t find any objective data on HID bulb performance in high temperature situations. If you have any information please contact us.

Typical CRI values range from extremely low in the case of low and high pressure sodium lamps (0-25) to moderate in the case of metal halide lamps (60). Some HID lights may reach CRI as high as the mid 90s.

PLTW Core Training immerses teachers in a hands-on, collaborative learning environment, challenges them to look at their classrooms in a new way, and empowers them to bring learning to life with PLTW.

high-intensity dischargelight

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CRI for LED is highly dependent on the particular light in question. That said, a very broad spectrum of CRI values is available ranging generally from 65-95.

Students explore the physics of flight and space through software simulations and hands-on experiences. They bring concepts to life by designing and testing an airfoil, propulsion system, and a rocket. Students learn how these concepts apply to a career in aerospace engineering and other engineering fields.

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The two different technologies are entirely different methods of producing light. HID bulbs contain inert gas within the glass casing while LEDs are a solid state technology. HIDs emit a lot of heat and a large portion of their emissions fall in both the IR and UV spectrum. LEDs emit across a small portion of the visible light spectrum and don’t waste energy by producing waste heat or non-visible electromagnetic radiation. There is such a thing as an IRED (infrared emitting diode) which is specifically designed to emit infrared energy.

Students discover and explore manufacturing processes, product design, robotics, and automation, and then they apply what they have learned to design solutions for real-world manufacturing problems.

PLTW Engineering students adopt a problem-solving mindset, are engaged in compelling, real-world challenges that help them become better collaborators and thinkers, and are prepared with skills to step into any career path they take.

LEDs last longer than any light source commercially available on the market. Lifespans are variable but typical values range from 25,000 hours to 200,000 hours or more before a lamp or fixture requires replacement.

HID technology has been around for several centuries and is typically used when high intensity, high efficiency, or lighting over a vast area is required. New HID lamps produce more visible light per unit of energy than both incandescent and fluorescent lamps because a smaller proportion of the energy emitted is in the infrared spectrum (i.e. more is in the visible light spectrum). Generally speaking they are efficient and produce a high quality light.

HID bulbs can be small but typically aren’t produced below roughly a centimeter in width. The size of the lamps is limited by the wattage and light output required for a given application.

Roughly 30% of the emissions from HID lights are in the infrared spectrum (thus completely useless for the purposes of regular illumination)

HID Lamps require that the materials within the lamp reach a certain temperature (often very high) in order for the actual light to be generated. In colder temperatures it can take longer for the lamps to reach those optimal temperatures, resulting in longer “warm-up” times and on certain occasions a shortened operational life time. However, since HID bulbs produce significant forward heat, they have the advantage of melting snow that may build up in horizontal lighting applications by virtue of being turned on.

HIDs exhibit an end-of-life phenomenon known as cycling where the lamp goes on and off without human input prior to eventually failing entirely.

Build students’ collaboration, teamwork, and communication skills so they can be ready to step into their future careers. Explore the links below to learn how PLTW alumni apply that knowledge in life and career – and learn about college credit opportunities through the American Council on Education here.

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Common applications for HID lighting include sports stadiums or gymnasiums, warehouses, large public areas (which require powerful, efficient lights over a large area), road lighting (which frequently utilize low and high pressure sodium lights), and parking lots. For an interesting take on the history of street lighting in the United States read here. HID is also used in automotive lighting and indoor gardening.

HID bulbs are relatively fragile. Perhaps more importantly, broken HID bulbs require special handling and disposal due to hazardous materials like mercury inside of many lights.

Additionally, HIDs bring with them a myriad of potential problems. Amongst the major items include repetitive maintenance and replacement costs both in parts and labor (HIDs have a much shorter lifespan than LEDs), potentially hazardous waste (internal mercury) and dangerous emissions (UV) in the event that the bulb is broken or the casing experiences some type of failure, and small things like required warm-up times, inability to effectively dim, and typically shorter warranty coverage.

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HIDs are very efficient compared to CFL and incandescent lights (120 lumens/watt source efficiency). They lose out to LEDs principally because their system efficiency is much lower (<30 lumens/watt) due to all of the losses associated with omnidirectional light output and the need to redirect it to a desired area. By far the most efficient HID variant is the High Pressure Sodium lamp whose source efficiency can range from 100-190 lumens/watt.

Students explore the breadth of engineering career opportunities and experiences as they solve engaging and challenging real-world problems like creating a natural relief center system or creating a solution to improve the safety and well-being of local citizens.

HID lights can be manually dimmed through the use of different electric or magnetic ballast but the process changes the voltage input to the light and can consequently alter the light characteristics. In some cases (particularly with older HID bulbs) dimming can cause the light to prematurely expire. Otherwise HID bulbs cannot be dimmed.

LED has virtually zero maintenance costs and the frequency with which bulbs have to be changed out is by far the best on the market.

HID emits a lot of UV radiation. So much so that special filters are required to prevent fading of dyed surfaces exposed to HID light, serious damage to light fixtures, and/or even serious harm to human beings and animals (e.g. serious sunburn or arc eye).

Students engage in an open-ended research experience in the PLTW Capstone course, a culminating program for those completing PLTW's high school offerings. They collaborate in teams, designing and developing original solutions to well-defined and justified real-world problems.

Ever wonder what’s better: High Intensity Discharge (HID) lights or Light Emitting Diodes (led lighting)? Well here’s a head-to-head comparison of the two followed by an in-depth discussion of each technology in turn.

High intensitydischarge lamp

HID bulb costs depend on the specific type of HID light. HPS lights are relatively cheap ($5-$10 for a 100W bulb) while a 100W mercury vapor light typically costs around $15. A 100W Metal Halide light costs somewhere between $10 and $30 per bulb depending on the specifications.

HIDs require a noticeable warm-up time that varies depending on the light. HID lights in automobiles take roughly half a second to power up while HID lights for sporting stadiums might take several minutes to arrive at maximum brightness.

LED is available in a wide range of color temperatures that generally span from 2200K-6000K (ranging from yellow to light blue). LEDs generally have better color temperature options than HID.

LEDs are an ideal light for purposely turning on and off because they respond rather instantaneously (there is no warm up or cool down period). They produce steady light without flicker.

HID lights also experience efficiency losses as the device ages and additional current is required to achieve the same lighting output. Efficiency losses are greater and the degradation time shorter in the case of HID.

LED’s ability to withstand colder temperatures without a compromise in lighting performance is an advantage in winter weather conditions, particularly for outdoor lighting application. Since the light generated from LEDs occurs from electroluminescence, the colder temperatures do not result in an extended “warm-up time” and as a result the light generation is almost instantaneous. LEDs also produce significantly less forward heat then HID lighting. This is typically a positive, however, for the unique case of application with traffic lights, there is a small potential that snow can accumulate on the bulbs. In reality, however, this is generally not an issue due to the use of visors and/or proper orientation of the light within a fixture that shields it from the elements.

LEDs produce a very narrow spectrum of visible light without the losses to irrelevant radiation types (IR or UV) associated with conventional lighting.

HID lamp color temperatures are determined by the materials used to generate the light. High Pressure Sodium, Metal Halide, and Mercury Vapor all utilize different chemical compositions to generate light and have specific color temperatures associated with the composition within their bulb.

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Students investigate and design solutions in response to real-world challenges related to clean and abundant drinking water, food supply, and renewable energy.

LED efficiency drops as current increases. Heat output also increases with additional current which decreases the lifetime of the device. The overall performance drop is relatively low, however, when compared to HID.

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HID bulbs require regular relamping and ballast replacement in addition to the labor cost to monitor and replace aging or expired components.

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Students explore the foundations of computing by engaging in circuit design processes to create combinational logic and sequential logic (memory) as electrical engineers do in industry.

HIDs are very efficient compared to CFL and incandescent lights (120 lumens/watt source efficiency). They lose out to LEDs principally because their system efficiency is much lower (<30 lumens/watt) due to all of the losses associated with omnidirectional light output and the need to redirect it to a desired area. By far the most efficient HID variant is the High Pressure Sodium lamp whose source efficiency can range from 100-190 lumens/watt.

The first practical use of LEDs was in circuit boards for computers. Since then they have gradually expanded their applications to include traffic lights, lighted signs, and more recently, indoor and outdoor lighting. Much like HID, modern LED lights are a wonderful solution for gymnasiums, warehouses, large public areas (which require powerful, efficient lights over a large area), road lighting (which offer significant color advantages over low and high pressure sodium lights), and parking lots. For an interesting take on the history of street lighting in the United States read here.

The major advantage of HIDs is that in some cases (particularly with low and high pressure sodium bulbs) the initial purchase price will be much lower. Typically LEDs make up for their higher purchase price with reduced maintenance and energy costs across a specific payback period. Curious about payback period and return on investment analysis? Try our ROI calculator. Additionally, another specific tradeoff with LPS and HPS bulbs in particular is that they are monochromatic yellow with an abysmal Color Rendering Index (in other words, everything illuminated by them shows up yellow. You literally can’t see color when using LPS or HPS lighting).

Students learn important aspects of building and site design and development, and then they apply what they know to design a commercial building.

HID is relatively cheap to purchase but it is relatively expensive to maintain. HID bulbs will likely need to be purchased several times and the associated labor costs will need to be paid in order to attain the equivalent lifespan of a single LED light.

A CPL filter is a Circular Polarising Lens filter. It is one of the most useful filters for photographers, as it can help reduce reflections and glares, ...

LED lighting has relatively high initial costs and low lifetime costs. The technology pays the investor back over time (the payback period). The major payback comes primarily from reduced maintenance costs over time (dependent on labor costs) and secondarily from energy efficiency improvements (dependent on electricity costs).