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Magnification: Compound microscopes are designed for higher magnifications, typically used for observing microscopic details. Other microscopes may have lower magnification capabilities, suitable for larger specimens or samples.

Historians credit the invention of the compound microscope to the Dutch spectacle maker, Zacharias Janssen, around the year 1590 (more history here). The compound microscope uses lenses and light to enlarge the image and is also called an optical or light microscope (versus an electron microscope). The simplest optical microscope is the magnifying glass and is good to about ten times (10x) magnification.

In Niranjani et al., Murthy et al., and Kanumuru and Subbaiah studies it is not possible to calculate and compare energy or power density [1–3].

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As the example showed that doubling of tip diameter implicates in 4 times energy density growth. It is very important in all studies that a data which can help to repeat each experiment by other researchers should be provided. Thus, all the studies should include the important parameters which allow comparing different kinds of lasers [4].

Compound microscopes and other types of microscopes differ in their design and functionality. Here are the key differences between compound microscope parts and those of other microscopes:

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It is strongly recommended to provide, in scientific laser-assisted studies, all parameters for evaluating the energy and power density of laser devices. The energy absorbed by tissue is strictly connected with laser technical parameters listed below:

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Condenser Lens: The purpose of the condenser lens is to focus the light onto the specimen. Condenser lenses are most useful at the highest powers (400x and above). Microscopes with in-stage condenser lenses render a sharper image than those with no lens (at 400x). If your microscope has a maximum power of 400x, you will get the maximum benefit by using a condenser lenses rated at 0.65 NA or greater. 0.65 NA condenser lenses may be mounted in the stage and work quite well. A big advantage to a stage mounted lens is that there is one less focusing item to deal with. If you go to 1000x then you should have a condenser lens with an N.A. of 1.25 or greater. All of our 1000x microscopes use 1.25 Abbe condenser lens systems. The Abbe condenser lens can be moved up and down. It is set very close to the slide at 1000x and moved further away at the lower powers.

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1. Ocular eyepiece lens to look through. 2. Objective lens, closest to the object. Before purchasing or using a compound microscope, it is important to know the functions of each part. This information is presented below. Links will take you to additional information and images.

This calculator determines the focal length required to image a target at a specified field of view and working distance. To run, select the size of.

Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope. They almost always consist of 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x powers. When coupled with a 10x (most common) eyepiece lens, total magnification is 40x (4x times 10x), 100x , 400x and 1000x. To have good resolution at 1000x, you will need a relatively sophisticated microscope with an Abbe condenser. An Abbe condenser is composed of two lenses that control the light that passes through the specimen before entering the objective lens on the microscope. The shortest lens is the lowest power, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. Lenses are color coded and if built to DIN standards are interchangeable between microscopes. "DIN" is an abbreviation of "Deutsche Industrial Normen". This is a German standard that has been adopted internationally as an optical standard used in most quality microscopes. A typical DIN standard microscope objective lens has a 0.7965" (20.1mm) diameter threads, 36 TPI (threads per inch), and a 55º Whitworth. Many high power objective lenses are retractable (i.e. 40XR). This means that if they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby protecting the lens and the slide. All good quality microscopes have achromatic, parcentered, parfocal lenses.

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Illuminator: A steady light source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror. If your microscope has a mirror, it is used to reflect light from an external light source up through the bottom of the stage.

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I read with interest, three articles in subject of laser studies published in JCDR in last few months. The authors in their researches used different types of lasers devices: Niranjani et al., (diode laser), Murthy et al., (CO2 laser), Kanumuru and Subbaiah (diode and Nd:YAG lasers) [1–3]. Unfortunately the authors have not presented in their researches a value of energy density (fluency) of lasers which is key factor to measure a dose of energy absorbed by treated tissues [Table/Fig-1].

How to Focus Your Microscope: The proper way to focus a microscope is to start with the lowest power objective lens first and while looking from the side, crank the lens down as close to the specimen as possible without touching it. Now, look through the eyepiece lens and focus upward only until the image is sharp. If you can't get it in focus, repeat the process again. Once the image is sharp with the low power lens, you should be able to simply click in the next power lens and do minor adjustments with the focus knob. If your microscope has a fine focus adjustment, turning it a bit should be all that's necessary. Continue with subsequent objective lenses and fine focus each time.

IR Mirror - DayOptics Inc. - Mirror Material Dimension (MM) Thickness(MM) AOI(°) MIR1201-IR BK7,IRFS 12.7 3 0 MIR1202-IR BK7,IRFS 12.7 5 45 MIR250.

Jun 5, 2023 — JL shows how to properly adjust the quick focus eyepiece on your rifle scope.

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Eyepiece/Ocular: Compound microscopes commonly have a pair of eyepieces that provide binocular vision. Other microscopes may have a single eyepiece or sometimes no eyepieces at all.

Diaphragm or Iris: Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage. This diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide. There is no set rule regarding which setting to use for a particular power. Rather, the setting is a function of the transparency of the specimen, the degree of contrast you desire and the particular objective lens in use.

Applications: Compound microscopes are commonly used in fields such as biology, medicine, and research, where detailed examination of small structures is required. Other microscopes, such as stereo microscopes, are utilized for examining larger objects or conducting dissections. Electron microscopes are used for high-resolution imaging of nanoscale structures.

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We have mentioned the company and model details about the LASER used in our study. Readers interested in finding the details/ pursuing further studies can visit the site and get the necessary details. We understand that all the information included in the article should be sufficient to replicate the methodology of the article. But sometimes due to the limitation of words and number of figures, it is not possible to include all the details in the text therefore we found it useful to mention the company of the LASER used in our study and relevant data pertaining to our study.

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NAME, ADDRESS, E-MAIL ID OF THE CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Dr. Jacek Matys, NZOZ Ka-Dent, Lipowa 18, 67-400 Wschowa, Poland. E-mail: jacek.matys@wp.pl

Articles from Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR are provided here courtesy of JCDR Research & Publications Private Limited

If you are seeking to enable the use of a slightly longer shutter speed to capture the essence of movement in the image, then consider using the 2-stop (ND4) ...

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In the author’s opinion, it is important that researchers and clinicians using lasers be educated in laser science. Without doubt, the principal knowledge of laser physics is unquestionably important to utilize lasers in good and safe manner.

Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part of the microscope that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power.

With regard to our cited article I would like to bring to the kind notice of author that since lasers was one of the four methods we compared more details could not be included because of word limitations.

Stage with Stage Clips: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips hold the slides in place. If your microscope has a mechanical stage, you will be able to move the slide around by turning two knobs. One moves it left and right, the other moves it up and down.

It's important to note that the term "other microscope parts" is quite broad and can include various microscope types with different designs and features. The above differences are generalized and may not apply to every microscope outside the category of compound microscopes.

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Objective Lenses: Compound microscopes have multiple objective lenses mounted on a rotating nosepiece, typically with magnifications ranging from 4x to 100x or higher. Other microscopes, such as dissecting or stereo microscopes, usually have fixed magnification lenses.

Different types of lasers with same or different wavelength have been utilized in medical market, but the varied inbuilt technology in these devices provides divergent results in energy density (amount of light) which is absorbed by the tissue.

Sample Size and Depth of Field: Compound microscopes are designed to observe thin, transparent specimens placed on glass slides. They offer a narrow depth of field, allowing clear focus on one plane at a time. Other microscopes, like stereo or electron microscopes, can accommodate larger specimens or samples with more depth, providing a wider depth of field.

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Example: A pulsed laser emitting a beam with repetition rate f =1 pulse per second (1Hz), with energy of 50mJ (0.05J), for two diameters of a laser tip, the results in fluency (J/cm2) are divergent:

The total energy delivered, divided by the area (energy per unit area) is called fluency or energy density. In a number of examples, fluency is the most important parameter for laser therapy [4].

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Illumination: Compound microscopes often have built-in illumination systems, such as a substage light source, condenser, and diaphragm, to provide transmitted light through the specimen. Other microscopes, like dissecting or fluorescence microscopes, may utilize different lighting techniques or illumination configurations.

Aside from energy density, a second important parameter in lasers measurement is a power density. The power density (irradiance) is a ratio of power (P) in Watt (W) to the cross section area (I=W/cm2). The importance of this will be clarified when we consider the interaction of laser beams with different materials [5].

Rack Stop: This is an adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to the slide. It is set at the factory and keeps students from cranking the high power objective lens down into the slide and breaking things. You would only need to adjust this if you were using very thin slides and you weren't able to focus on the specimen at high power. (Tip: If you are using thin slides and can't focus, rather than adjust the rack stop, place a clear glass slide under the original slide to raise it a bit higher).