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Depolarizer electrochemistry

Thorlabs expresses LIDT for CW lasers as a linear power density measured in W/cm. In this regime, the LIDT given as a linear power density can be applied to any beam diameter; one does not need to compute an adjusted LIDT to adjust for changes in spot size, as demonstrated by the graph to the right. Average linear power density can be calculated using the equation below.

The plot below is provided as an example of the variation in Degree of Polarization as the depolarizer is rotated. Actual performance will vary from depolarizer to depolarizer, depending on the alignment of the LCP pattern and the section of the depolarizer illuminated by the incident beam. Rotating a depolarizer around an axis perpendicular to its surface does cause some variation in performance, but overall, the LCP depolarizer still provides a lower degree of polarization for a Ø0.5 mm beam than the quartz-wedge design. Similar results can be expected from the -B and -C depolarizers.

The optic axis of each wedge is perpendicular to the flat for that wedge. The orientation angle between the optic axes of the two quartz crystal wedges is 45°. The unique design of the quartz-wedge depolarizers eliminates the need to orient the optic axes of the depolarizer at any specific angle, which is especially useful if the depolarizer is used in an application where the initial polarization of the light is unknown or varies with time.

Nov 6, 2023 — Visible light waves are in the range of 400 – 700 nm (nanometers, or 10-9 m), while radio waves can be several hundred meters in length. The ...

Note: The Index of Refraction of Polycarbonate is 1.57. Trivex is 1.53. Our High Index lens has an Index of Refraction of 1.67.

Pulsed lasers with high pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) may behave similarly to CW beams. Unfortunately, this is highly dependent on factors such as absorption and thermal diffusivity, so there is no reliable method for determining when a high PRF laser will damage an optic due to thermal effects. For beams with a high PRF both the average and peak powers must be compared to the equivalent CW power. Additionally, for highly transparent materials, there is little to no drop in the LIDT with increasing PRF.

LIDT in linear power density vs. pulse length and spot size. For long pulses to CW, linear power density becomes a constant with spot size. This graph was obtained from [1].

Bifocal lenses have a line that separates the distance correction on top from the reading section on the bottom. This reading section is all the same power, as opposed to a Progressive lens that gets progressively stronger as you look lower in the lens.

Depolarizer example

While this rule of thumb provides a general trend, it is not a quantitative analysis of LIDT vs wavelength. In CW applications, for instance, damage scales more strongly with absorption in the coating and substrate, which does not necessarily scale well with wavelength. While the above procedure provides a good rule of thumb for LIDT values, please contact Tech Support if your wavelength is different from the specified LIDT wavelength. If your power density is less than the adjusted LIDT of the optic, then the optic should work for your application.

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When an optic is damaged by a continuous wave (CW) laser, it is usually due to the melting of the surface as a result of absorbing the laser's energy or damage to the optical coating (antireflection) [1]. Pulsed lasers with pulse lengths longer than 1 µs can be treated as CW lasers for LIDT discussions.

A Free-Form Lenticular lens utilizes the same free-form technology as our other digital prescription lenses, but the corrected portion of the lens does not extend all the way to the edge. This results in a lens that is 50% - 70% thinner.

Use this formula to calculate the Adjusted LIDT for an optic based on your pulse length. If your maximum energy density is less than this adjusted LIDT maximum energy density, then the optic should be suitable for your application. Keep in mind that this calculation is only used for pulses between 10-9 s and 10-7 s. For pulses between 10-7 s and 10-4 s, the CW LIDT must also be checked before deeming the optic appropriate for your application.

The orientation of the input polarization and optic axis of the thick and thin wedges is shown in Figure 1. The input polarization is shown in red, the thick wedge optic axis in blue, and the thin wedge optic axis in green. The flat on the top of the depolarizer drawing (solid blue line) is cut perpendicular to the thick wedge optic axis. The flat on the side of the drawing (dashed blue line) is cut perpendicular to the thin wedge optic axis.

DesignThese achromatic depolarizers consist of two crystal quartz wedges, one of which is twice as thick as the other, that are separated by a thin metal ring. The assembly is held together by epoxy that has been applied only to the outside edge (i.e., the clear aperture is free from epoxy), which results in an optic with a high damage threshold. These depolarizers are available uncoated for use in the 190 - 2500 nm range or with one of three antireflection coatings deposited on all four surfaces (i.e., both sides of the two crystal quartz wedges). Choose from AR coatings for the 350 - 700 nm (-A coating), 650 - 1050 nm (-B coating), or 1050 - 1700 nm (-C coating) range.

The following is a general overview of how laser induced damage thresholds are measured and how the values may be utilized in determining the appropriateness of an optic for a given application. When choosing optics, it is important to understand the Laser Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) of the optics being used. The LIDT for an optic greatly depends on the type of laser you are using. Continuous wave (CW) lasers typically cause damage from thermal effects (absorption either in the coating or in the substrate). Pulsed lasers, on the other hand, often strip electrons from the lattice structure of an optic before causing thermal damage. Note that the guideline presented here assumes room temperature operation and optics in new condition (i.e., within scratch-dig spec, surface free of contamination, etc.). Because dust or other particles on the surface of an optic can cause damage at lower thresholds, we recommend keeping surfaces clean and free of debris. For more information on cleaning optics, please see our Optics Cleaning tutorial.

A theoretical plot showing the spatially-dependent polarization angle is shown in Figure 2. This false-color plot shows the polarization angle of the output beam from the quartz-wedge depolarizer based on the input beam characteristics described above.

The pseudo-random polarization generated by these depolarizers may be more suitable than linearly polarized light for polarization-sensitive devices and experiments, such as Raman Amplification and reduction of polarization-dependent losses. Because of their effectiveness over a wide spectral range, with both narrowband and broadband sources, the quartz-wedge depolarizers have been used with favorable results in applications involving polarization-sensitive spectrometers and LCD test systems. In addition, the depolarizer's design eliminates the need to align the optic with respect to the orientation of the linear polarization axis of the incident beam, making them highly adaptable to varying input polarizations.

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A monochromatic beam should be at least 6 mm in diameter in order to achieve significant depolarization across the area of the beam. Light from a broadband source does not have this same requirement because the effects of birefringence vary based on wavelength as well as the path length through the material.

We do not change the curve of your frame, but in some extreme cases we can use a lens that is slightly flatter than the frame.  We would edge the lens so the outside edges are slightly in front of the eyewear frame.  This is reserved for a very few extreme cases.  Typically the Lenticular lens will look like any other non-prescription lens, even if your prescription is usually out of range for the frame that you selected.

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The calculated result for the source and orientation passing through the quartz-wedge depolarizer is shown in Figure 4. As described in Figure 2, the bands in the false-color plot represent the the spatially-dependent regions of identical polarization. Note the orientation of the banding is perpendicular to the optic axis of the thick wedge (and wedge incline as well). The orientation of the input beam has no effect on the orientation of the banding.

The following plots compare the degree of polarization (DOP) that can be achieved using the liquid crystal polymer (LCP) patterned depolarizers and our quartz-wedge depolarizers. Compared to the quartz wedge depolarizers, the LCP patterned depolarizers show greater performance stability with changing angle of incidence and can effectively depolarize smaller beam sizes, which is especially useful for laser applications. In contrast, the quartz-wedge depolarizers have a higher surface quality and damage threshold. They also provide better performance for depolarizing elliptically and circularly polarized light.

To detect the beam's spatial periodicity, place a linear polarizer (analyzer) after the beam exits the quartz-wedge depolarizer. The intensity variation will be banded as shown in the false-color plots shown below. The banding occurs because the degree to which the state of polarization is rotated is identical along any line perpendicular to the thick wedge incline. Several examples of different incident and depolarizer angles are discussed below.

This is why our new Lenticular design works so well. The power in your prescription is a result of having a lens with a front curve that is different than the back curve. So it is only logical that wider lenses will be thicker. With this Lenticular design the prescription does not extend to the portions of the lens that you do not, or cannot use.  You still get all the same UV protection of a big wrapped pair of sunglasses without the thickness that is normally created with these larger wrapped lenses.

Please note that we have a buffer built in between the specified damage thresholds online and the tests which we have done, which accommodates variation between batches. Upon request, we can provide individual test information and a testing certificate. Contact Tech Support for more information.

LIDT in energy density vs. pulse length and spot size. For short pulses, energy density becomes a constant with spot size. This graph was obtained from [1].

Thorlabs' LIDT testing is done in compliance with ISO/DIS 11254 and ISO 21254 specifications.First, a low-power/energy beam is directed to the optic under test. The optic is exposed in 10 locations to this laser beam for 30 seconds (CW) or for a number of pulses (pulse repetition frequency specified). After exposure, the optic is examined by a microscope (~100X magnification) for any visible damage. The number of locations that are damaged at a particular power/energy level is recorded. Next, the power/energy is either increased or decreased and the optic is exposed at 10 new locations. This process is repeated until damage is observed. The damage threshold is then assigned to be the highest power/energy that the optic can withstand without causing damage. A histogram such as that below represents the testing of one BB1-E02 mirror.

Please note that we have a buffer built in between the specified damage thresholds online and the tests which we have done, which accommodates variation between batches. Upon request, we can provide individual test information and a testing certificate. The damage analysis will be carried out on a similar optic (customer's optic will not be damaged). Testing may result in additional costs or lead times. Contact Tech Support for more information.

[1] R. M. Wood, Optics and Laser Tech. 29, 517 (1998).[2] Roger M. Wood, Laser-Induced Damage of Optical Materials (Institute of Physics Publishing, Philadelphia, PA, 2003).[3] C. W. Carr et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 127402 (2003).[4] N. Bloembergen, Appl. Opt. 12, 661 (1973).

In this example, the same linearly polarized source is used, except the polariation is oriented parallel to the optic axis of the thin wedge and at a 45 degree angle from the optic axis of the thick wedge. The orientation of the input polarization and optic axes of the thick and thin wedges are shown in Figure 3. The input polarization is shown in red, the thick wedge optic axis in blue, and the thin wedge optic axis in green. The flat on the top of the depolarizer drawing (solid blue line) is cut perpendicular to the thick wedge optic axis. The flat on the side of the drawing (dashed blue line) is cut perpendicular to the thin wedge optic axis.

Lenticular Free-Form Lenses will result in the thinnest lens possible.  This is often the only lens choice available for very high prescriptions.

Now compare the maximum power density to that which is specified as the LIDT for the optic. If the optic was tested at a wavelength other than your operating wavelength, the damage threshold must be scaled appropriately. A good rule of thumb is that the damage threshold has a linear relationship with wavelength such that as you move to shorter wavelengths, the damage threshold decreases (i.e., a LIDT of 10 W/cm at 1310 nm scales to 5 W/cm at 655 nm):

Free-Space ApplicationsAlthough the quartz-wedge depolarizers can convert a polarized monochromatic or broadband source into a pseudo-random polarization, depolarization of narrowband (monochromatic) light sources can only be achieved if the incident beam is greater than 6 mm in diameter. This minimum beam diameter is needed for monochromatic sources because randomization of the output beam's polarization is achieved by producing a spatial variation in the beam's polarization (see the Tutorial tab). Thorlabs also offers liquid crystal polymer depolarizers that use a patterned retarder to effectively depolarize beams as small as Ø0.5 mm (see the Quartz vs. LCP tab for details).

In the first example, a 635 nm, linearly polarized source with a 20 mm beam waist is used. The source light is incident on and propogating normal to the thick wedge of the depolarizer. The light is polarized in the same direction as the optic (fast) axis of the thick wedge. The optic axis of the thin wedge is at a 45o angle with respect to both the incident light polarization and the optic axis of the thick wedge. In this orientation, the wedge incline is also oriented parallel to the incident light polarization.

According to the test, the damage threshold of the mirror was 2.00 J/cm2 (532 nm, 10 ns pulse, 10 Hz, Ø0.803 mm). Please keep in mind that these tests are performed on clean optics, as dirt and contamination can significantly lower the damage threshold of a component. While the test results are only representative of one coating run, Thorlabs specifies damage threshold values that account for coating variances.

Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) DepolarizersThese quartz-wedge depolarizers and our Liquid Crystal Polymer Depolarizers each offer distinct advantages depending on your application. The depolarizers featured here have a much better surface quality and a high damage threshold due to their use of a quartz substrate and air-gap design, which makes them suitable for high-power applications. The LCP depolarizers use a patterned retarder design that can effectively depolarize monochromatic beams down to Ø0.5 mm, while the quartz depolarizers typically require input beam diameters of at least 6 mm. The patterned retarder design used in the LCP depolarizers is also less sensitive to the angle of incidence. See the Quartz vs. LCP tab for a more detailed performance comparison.

Lenticular means the correction in the lens does not extend all the way to the outer edge of the lens.  Since most people can't see this part of the lens this has been a non-issue.  This results in a lens that is about 50% - 70% thinner than a lens where the prescription extends all the way to the edge.

Now compare the maximum energy density to that which is specified as the LIDT for the optic. If the optic was tested at a wavelength other than your operating wavelength, the damage threshold must be scaled appropriately [3]. A good rule of thumb is that the damage threshold has an inverse square root relationship with wavelength such that as you move to shorter wavelengths, the damage threshold decreases (i.e., a LIDT of 1 J/cm2 at 1064 nm scales to 0.7 J/cm2 at 532 nm):

Pulses shorter than 10-9 s cannot be compared to our specified LIDT values with much reliability. In this ultra-short-pulse regime various mechanics, such as multiphoton-avalanche ionization, take over as the predominate damage mechanism [2]. In contrast, pulses between 10-7 s and 10-4 s may cause damage to an optic either because of dielectric breakdown or thermal effects. This means that both CW and pulsed damage thresholds must be compared to the laser beam to determine whether the optic is suitable for your application.

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We guarantee that the power in these lenses will be exactly what you ordered.  This isimportant, because returns are morerestricted with these lenses.

Equal to the power of the ocular lens multiplied by the power of the objective lens being used magnifies 45x, total magnification is 450x (10 x 45).

Beam diameter is also important to know when comparing damage thresholds. While the LIDT, when expressed in units of J/cm², scales independently of spot size; large beam sizes are more likely to illuminate a larger number of defects which can lead to greater variances in the LIDT [4]. For data presented here, a <1 mm beam size was used to measure the LIDT. For beams sizes greater than 5 mm, the LIDT (J/cm2) will not scale independently of beam diameter due to the larger size beam exposing more defects.

Lyot depolarizer

The DPU-25 is also available from stock with three different AR coatings. As the plots below show, the AR coating significantly reduces surface reflections, and since these depolarizers are made from two quartz crystal wedges, the AR coating minimizes the reflections at four surfaces. For example, the loss due to surface reflections at 1400 nm for the uncoated DPU-25 is approximately 15%. However, the AR coating on the DPU-25-C reduces the loss due to reflections to approximately 2%.

The pulse length must now be compensated for. The longer the pulse duration, the more energy the optic can handle. For pulse widths between 1 - 100 ns, an approximation is as follows:

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When pulse lengths are between 1 ns and 1 µs, laser-induced damage can occur either because of absorption or a dielectric breakdown (therefore, a user must check both CW and pulsed LIDT). Absorption is either due to an intrinsic property of the optic or due to surface irregularities; thus LIDT values are only valid for optics meeting or exceeding the surface quality specifications given by a manufacturer. While many optics can handle high power CW lasers, cemented (e.g., achromatic doublets) or highly absorptive (e.g., ND filters) optics tend to have lower CW damage thresholds. These lower thresholds are due to absorption or scattering in the cement or metal coating.

Each Quartz-Wedge Achromatic Depolarizer is made of two wedged, birefringent plates with their fast axes oriented at 45° to one another. The 45° offset allows the plates to depolarize any input polarization state; light that is linearly polarized along the fast axis of one plate will still change polarization due to the birefringence of the other plate. Because the plates are wedged, the path length through each birefringent plate will vary based on the beam position, and each position on the aperture will have a net birefringence and final polarization state which are spatially dependent. For a sufficiently large beam, the output beam will resemble an unpolarized beam, though it would be more accurate to state that these optics give a fine spatial dependence to the polarization rather than truly depolarize it.

In this last example, the input beam has the same characteristics as in Example 1. However, the quartz-wedge depolarizer is rotated 45o so the input polarization is parallel to the optic axis of the thin wedge. This arrangement is shown in Fig. 5. The input polarization (red arrow) is still incident on the thick wedge; however, it is now perpendicular to the thin wedge flat.

The energy density of your beam should be calculated in terms of J/cm2. The graph to the right shows why expressing the LIDT as an energy density provides the best metric for short pulse sources. In this regime, the LIDT given as an energy density can be applied to any beam diameter; one does not need to compute an adjusted LIDT to adjust for changes in spot size. This calculation assumes a uniform beam intensity profile. You must now adjust this energy density to account for hotspots or other nonuniform intensity profiles and roughly calculate a maximum energy density. For reference a Gaussian beam typically has a maximum energy density that is twice that of the 1/e2 beam.

The bands in the false-color plot represent different regions of identical polarization with polarizations varying from being completely along the horizontal axis (perpendicular to the input polarization) to completely along the vertical axis (parallel to the input beam polarization). The separation between the two polarizations in this case is approximately 2 mm. The orientation of the bands are always perpendicular with the thick wedge optic axis, and in this case, are also perpendicular to the input polarization.

Rotating the input polarization only affects the specific polarization of the band. This is easily observed by comparing the bands at 0 mm on the vertical axis in Figs. 2 and 4. In Figure 2, the band at 0 mm has a 45o orientation while in Figure 4, the band at 0 mm has a 90o orientation.

The false-color plot in Fig. 6 shows the calculation result of the input beam described above passing through the quartz-wedge depolarizer. The orientation of the banding is clearly different from the banding in Figs. 2 and 4. The 45o tilt in the pattern is because the banding occurs perpendicular to both the optic axis of the thick wedge and wedge incline.

Another major difference between a Bifocal and a Progressive lens is that Bifocals are not surfaced with a free-form design.  The free-form digital designs recalculate the curve at every point on the back of the lens so every part of the lens is in focus. Bifocals are surfaced with the traditional technology. This is acceptable on flatter lenses and more mild prescriptions. On wrapped frames this will cause a fishbowl effect in the peripheral portions of the lens.  This distortion will be more exaggerated in higher prescriptions.

Fiber ApplicationsThorlabs' quartz-wedge achromatic depolarizers are not recommended for applications where the depolarized beam is going to be coupled into a single mode optical fiber. Consider the output beam as two superimposed beams. Since the optic axes of the two wedges are not aligned, there will be a non-zero divergence/offset of the propagation vectors of the two output beams due to the birefringence of the quartz crystal. If the diverging/offset beams are then focused onto the tip of a fiber, each beam will be imaged at a slightly different position. As a result, optimizing the coupling of light into the fiber can result in the preferential coupling of one beam over the other and the polarization of each individual beam is not completely randomized.

The thickness of these optics prevents them from being mounted in our LMR1 optic mount. However, they can be mounted inside an SM1-threaded (1.035"-40) lens tube for integration into a lens tube system or post mounting via an LMR1 mount, as shown in the image at the top of the page.

Depolarizer in dry cell

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As previously stated, pulsed lasers typically induce a different type of damage to the optic than CW lasers. Pulsed lasers often do not heat the optic enough to damage it; instead, pulsed lasers produce strong electric fields capable of inducing dielectric breakdown in the material. Unfortunately, it can be very difficult to compare the LIDT specification of an optic to your laser. There are multiple regimes in which a pulsed laser can damage an optic and this is based on the laser's pulse length. The highlighted columns in the table below outline the relevant pulse lengths for our specified LIDT values.

Depolarizer in Leclanche cell

High Index lens material will bend light more efficiently.  So the higher the Index of Refraction, the thinner the lens will be. We can use high index lenses in any full-frame glasses. Polycarbonate or Trivex are the best choices for semi-rimless sports glasses because they are stronger than high index materials. High Index lenses are not unbreakable, therefore we do not put High Index lenses in motorcycle glasses, shooting glasses, or other glasses that may be subject to severe impact.

Thorlabs' Quartz-Wedge Achromatic Depolarizers convert a polarized beam of light into a pseudo-random polarized beam of light. The term pseudo-random is used since the transmitted beam does not become unpolarized; instead, the polarization of the beam is randomized. Linearly polarized light from a monochromatic source that is transmitted through a quartz-wedge depolarizer will have a polarization that varies spatially. Linearly polarized light from a broadband source that is transmitted through a quartz-wedge depolarizer will have a polarization that varies spatially as well as with wavelength. While the DPU-25 is designed for use with linearly polarized light (as shown in the Tutorial tab), it will also produce pseudo-random polarization if the input is elliptically or circularly polarized. Quartz-wedge depolarizers will work with light incident on either side of the optic.

Depolarization of a broadband source does not have the same beam diameter restrictions as found with the narrowband or monochromatic source. This is because the polarization of the output beam will be randomized as a result of the wavelength-dependent retardation of the light transmitted through the quartz crystal wedges, in addition to the spatial variation in the polarization of the output beam.

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The spatial periodicity in the polarization of the output beam of the polarizer is easily observed when a linearly polarized monochromatic light source is used. The linearly polarized monochromatic beam must have a beam waist larger than 6 mm to generate this spatial periodicity. To observe this effect, place the quartz-wedge depolarizer in the beam so that propagation direction of the beam is normal to and incident upon the thicker wedge of the depolarizer.

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The calculation above assumes a uniform beam intensity profile. You must now consider hotspots in the beam or other non-uniform intensity profiles and roughly calculate a maximum power density. For reference, a Gaussian beam typically has a maximum power density that is twice that of the uniform beam (see lower right).

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