Well, maybe not all of the technologies, but have you heard of a dual wavelength device?  The gold standard in laser hair removal and our technology of choice is alexandrite combined with Nd:YAG.

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This improves with higher accelerating voltage and gets worse with lower voltages. (Using Einsteinian calculations, the resolution is: 0.22 nm or 2.2 Å.) Each ...

Matthew J. Parry-Hill and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.

where λ is the wavelength of light with air as the immersion medium and NA(obj) is the numerical aperture of the objective (and condenser). According to Abbe diffraction theory, the objective numerical aperture is determined by:

Airy diffraction pattern sizes and their corresponding radial intensity distribution functions are sensitive to the combination of objective and condenser numerical apertures as well as the wavelength of illuminating light (when monochromatic light is used to illuminate the specimen). For a well-corrected objective with a uniform circular aperture, two adjacent points are just resolved when the centers of their Airy patterns are separated by a minimum distance (D) equal to the radius (r) of the central disk in the Airy pattern.

Airy diskMicroscopy

The alexandrite laser is a popular option amongst aesthetic clinics and delivers great penetration for good results.  Alexandrite may not be the most comfortable technology for patients, but latest equipment have built-in cooling devices to improve patient experience and to minimise discomfort.  The alexandrite laser operates at a shorter wavelength of 755nm, making it ideal for targeting melanin in the hair follicles of individuals with light to olive skin tones.

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Airy diskformula

To operate the tutorial, use the Wavelength slider on the left to adjust the wavelength of illumination. As this value is decreased, note how the Airy disk size decreases (and resolution (r) increases). The Numerical Aperture slider can also be used to adjust Airy pattern size by changing the numerical aperture of a virtual microscope objective. As the Airy patterns approach each other, by adjustment of the Separation Distance slider, they eventually reach the Rayleigh Criterion limit of separation (discussed below), followed by the Sparrow limit. This tutorial assumes that virtual objective lenses are completely free of aberrations, that the Airy patterns are of identical brightness, and that the unit diffraction pattern generated by the specimen through a circular aperture is in fact an Airy disk. Airy patterns are modified to alternative diffraction patterns by lens aberrations or non-standard aperture conditions.

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Airy diskcalculator

Objects in the optical microscope that are either self-luminous or illuminated by a large-angle cone of light form Airy patterns at the intermediate image plane that are incoherent and do not interfere with each other. This allows the determination of the minimum separation distance between adjacent Airy patterns by examination of the total intensity distribution (the sum of intensities) when these patterns are closely spaced or overlapping. In the case of Airy patterns produced by coherent illumination, the minimum separation distance must be ascertained by adding the pattern amplitudes rather than their intensities.

Diode equipment’s energy source consists of semiconductors, known as diodes, grouped together to create a laser beam with a wavelength of 800-810nm. This is a longer wavelength, better for penetrating deep into the hair follicle. This makes the diode hair removal laser system popular among men seeking treatment to remove back hair or chest hair.

Nd:YAG systems provide the latest advancements in aesthetic laser technology.  Besides effective hair removal lasers, this system offers numerous applications including tattoo removal and laser skin resurfacing for the correction of sun damage.  Nd:YAG systems operate at a wavelength of 1064nm and is safe for all skin types.

Airy diskradius

Airy Disktelescope

This tutorial explores how Airy disk sizes, at the limit of optical resolution, vary with changes in objective numerical aperture (NA) and illumination wavelength, and how these changes affect the resolution (r) of the objective (lower values for r indicate increasing resolution). The tutorial initializes with the Wavelength slider set to 528 nanometers in the green color region of the visible light spectrum. Also upon initialization, the virtual Numerical Aperture slider is set to a value of 0.16 and the two Airy patterns are separated by a distance (D) of 4.3 micrometers. Beneath the sliders is real-time calculation of the resolution according to Abbe diffraction theory that changes with adjustments to the sliders. Above the sliders is a simulated illumination cone that becomes wider or narrower as the numerical aperture is changed. The light cone size will increase with numerical aperture (at fixed wavelength) and produce a corresponding decrease in the size of the Airy disks (and an increase in resolution). A decrease in wavelength at fixed numerical aperture will result in a decrease in Airy pattern size.

The ruby hair removal laser was the first system developed for permanent hair reduction and not well-known in South Africa.  This system uses a shorter wavelength of 694nm that targets melanin.  This makes the ruby laser more effective for lighter skin types with dark hair and is not recommended for individuals with darker skin tones.

In cases where two adjacent Airy patterns become closer to each other than in the Rayleigh criterion, the separation is known as the Sparrow limit, which is given by the equation:

To understand each technology better, it is important to be aware of the 4 laser parameters that play a significant role in the effectiveness of treatment:

Airy diskand resolution

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Unwanted hair is a common problem that can be a source of frustration and self-consciousness.  In recent years, the demand for a more permanent solution (aka laser hair removal) has sky-rocketed.  However, not all laser hair removal technologies are created equal, and not all are suitable for all skin types. In this blog, we’ll explore the differences between laser hair removal technologies and why choosing the right one is crucial for achieving the best result.

Radius ofAiry diskformula

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Figure 1 illustrates the calculated impact of condenser numerical aperture on resolution and includes values where the objective numerical aperture is less than that of the condenser. This figure plots the ratio of the numerical apertures of the condenser and objective versus the minimum resolved distance between Airy patterns (Rayleigh criterion) in units of wavelength divided by the objective aperture.

Airy diskpattern

where n is the refractive index of the medium separating the objective front lens and the specimen, and is the half-cone of light captured by the objective. If the specimen is not self-luminous or when the objective and condenser numerical apertures do not match, the equation for r is given by:

To calculate this, divide the focal length of the telescope (ft) by the focal length of the eyepiece (fe):. M = ft / fe. For example, if you have a telescope ...

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IPL laser hair removal does not utilise a true laser, but the equivalent in the form of intense pulsed light (IPL) like lasers, IPL’s initiate photothermolysis by pulsing thermal energy that is absorbed by melanin in the hair follicle.  The advantage of intense pulsed light is a customisable wavelength, energy level, and pulse duration.  However, higher risk for epidermal damage and less effective than other lasers.

When the separation distance (D) between adjacent Airy patterns is greater than the central disk radius (r), the sum of the intensities yields two individual peaks. As the disks approach each other, the separation distance will reach a value equal to the central disk radius, a condition known as the Rayleigh criterion. At even closer approach, the separation distance is less than the central disk radius and the sum of the two peaks merges into a single peak. In the latter instance, the two Airy patterns are said not to be resolved.

When it comes to laser hair removal technologies, there are many options. The five most common types of hair removal laser systems include the Ruby, Alexandrite, IPL, Diode, and Nd:YAG.

As the Separation Distance slider is adjusted to move the Airy patterns closer together in the tutorial, they eventually reach the Rayleigh criteria distance, which is noted by a pop-up in the tutorial window. Upon even closer approach, the Sparrow limit is reached, also noted by a pop-up.

In the ideal case, when the objective is aberration-free and provides a uniform circular aperture, two adjacent points are just resolved when the centers of their Airy disks are separated by r (the central Airy disk radius). When the objective numerical aperture matches that of the substage condenser, r is determined from the equation:

P.S. One last very important variable to remember is that a high quality laser must be accompanied by a skilled operator for superior results.

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Still unsure which technology to opt for.  The below graph & illustration best explains the effectiveness of each technology.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a bacterium commonly found on the skin, nostrils, mouth, anus and in the intestines of most dogs. This.

Now that you understand each technology, I know what you are thinking: “Why can’t we combine all the technologies together to get the best of all them all?”