Multispectral imagesoftware

The Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) is designed to use reflected laser light from orbiting spacecraft laser (typically a laser altimeter or light detection and ranging - lidar) to precisely determine the location of the lander, as a fiducial marker, and the distance to that point on the lunar surface with respect to the orbiter. The retroreflectors reflect any light striking them directly back to the source. They can be tracked by an orbiting laser altimeter or lidar from a few hundred kilometers.

The LRA consists of eight circular 1.27-cm diameter corner-cube retroreflectors mounted on a 5.11 cm diameter, 1.65 cm high hemispherical gold-painted platform. Each of the eight retroreflectors points in a slightly different direction, and each has a maximum useful light incidence angle of about +-20 degrees. Four retroreflectors are evenly distributed in a ring on the hemisphere 20 degrees from zenith, and four in a ring 40 degrees from zenith. They are made from Suprasil quartz, index of refraction is 1.46. The equivalent optical cross section is 10,000 to 100,000 square meters, but is still not enough to use Earth-based laser ranging. Total mass of the LRA is 20 grams, it requires no power.

Multispectral imageremote sensing

Short-Wave Infrared | 1184 – 2373 nm Focuses deeper into the infrared spectrum Able to detect heat Detection of materials containing anion groups such as Al-OH, Mg-OH, Fe-OH, Si-OH, carbonates, ammonium, and sulfates S3 – S6 – S8Clay Mineral Alteration      Applications Include: Fire / Valance eruption responseMaterial identificationSoil moistureMineral content

In this model, ResNet34 is used for feature extraction and the FCN operation remains as is. The feature of ResNet architecture is exploited where just like VGG, as the number of filters double, the feature map size gets halved. This gives a similarity to VGG and ResNet architecture while supporting deeper architecture and addressing the issue of vanishing gradients while also being faster. The fully connected layer at the output of ResNet34 is not used and instead converted to fully convolutional layer by means of 1×1 convolution.

Multispectralcamera

The Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) is designed to use reflected laser light from orbiting spacecraft laser (typically a laser altimeter or light detection and ranging - lidar) to precisely determine the location of the lander, as a fiducial marker, and the distance to that point on the lunar surface with respect to the orbiter. The retroreflectors reflect any light striking them directly back to the source. They can be tracked by an orbiting laser altimeter or lidar from a few hundred kilometers. The LRA consists of eight circular 1.27-cm diameter corner-cube retroreflectors mounted on a 5.11 cm diameter, 1.65 cm high hemispherical gold-painted platform. Each of the eight retroreflectors points in a slightly different direction, and each has a maximum useful light incidence angle of about +-20 degrees. Four retroreflectors are evenly distributed in a ring on the hemisphere 20 degrees from zenith, and four in a ring 40 degrees from zenith. They are made from Suprasil quartz, index of refraction is 1.46. The equivalent optical cross section is 10,000 to 100,000 square meters, but is still not enough to use Earth-based laser ranging. Total mass of the LRA is 20 grams, it requires no power. Note that laser altimeters are not designed to be used to range to the LRAs, they have very small footprints and would only "hit" an LRA on occasional passes. Lidars with wider footprints are more efficient for actual ranging from orbiters. Also note that if the range to an orbiter can be precisely determined (e.g. from a larger LRA on the orbiter that can be ranged to from Earth), an accurate distance from Earth to the LRA on the lunar surface can be obtained. Measurements from multiple LRAs at different points on the Moon can be used to create an accurate geodetic network. The Intuitive Machines 1 Odysseus lander touched down on the Moon on February 22, but tipped over and came to rest tilted at 30 degrees to the horizontal. It is believed the LRA is still in a position where it will be able to return laser transmissions from orbiting spacecraft. Image credit: NASA-GSFC

Near-Infrared 2 | 866 – 954 nm Overlaps the NIR1 band but is less affected by atmospheric influenceEnables broader vegetation analysis and biomass studies NIR2 – Yellow – CoastalCrop Species Differentiation      Applications Include: Biomass surveysPlant stressCrop TypeMaterial identification

UNet architecture for semantic segmentation with VGG16 as the encoder or feature extractor. VGG16 is used as an encoder or feature extractor in the contracting path and the corresponding symmetric expanding path predicts the dense segmentation output.

Multispectral imagemeaning

UNet architecture for semantic segmentation with ResNet34 as encoder or feature extraction part. ResNet34 is used as an encoder or feature extractor in the contracting path and the corresponding symmetric expanding path predicts the dense segmentation output.

Multispectral imageexample

Only a small number of space-based imagery providers offer hyperspectral imagery, though the potential for industry disrupting applications are already making headway across the globe.

Note that laser altimeters are not designed to be used to range to the LRAs, they have very small footprints and would only "hit" an LRA on occasional passes. Lidars with wider footprints are more efficient for actual ranging from orbiters. Also note that if the range to an orbiter can be precisely determined (e.g. from a larger LRA on the orbiter that can be ranged to from Earth), an accurate distance from Earth to the LRA on the lunar surface can be obtained. Measurements from multiple LRAs at different points on the Moon can be used to create an accurate geodetic network.

Multispectralimaging in agriculture

Green | 518 – 586 nm Able to focus more precisely on the peak reflectance of healthy vegetation Ideal for calculating plant vigor Very helpful in discriminating between types of plant material when used in conjunction with the Yellow band Coastal – Blue – GreenReef Water Depth      Applications Include: Crop typesSea grass and reefsBathymetry

The Intuitive Machines 1 Odysseus lander touched down on the Moon on February 22, but tipped over and came to rest tilted at 30 degrees to the horizontal. It is believed the LRA is still in a position where it will be able to return laser transmissions from orbiting spacecraft.

Through our strategic partnerships, European Space Imaging offers hyperspectral imagery with resolutions as high as 5 m. The key factor that separates hyperspectral imagery is the width of the spectral bands. With hundreds of bands covering VNIR and SWIR spectrums, analytics become much more precise.

Multispectralimaging skin

Red | 632 – 692 nm Focused on the absorption of red light by chlorophyll in healthy plant materials One of the most important bands for vegetation discrimination Very useful in classifying bare soils, roads, and geological features NIR1 – Red – GreenTree Species Identification      Applications Include: Chlorophyll absorptionVegetation analysisPlant species Plant stress

Yellow | 590 – 630 nm Very important for feature classification Detects the “yellowness” of particular vegetation, both on land and in the water NIR2 – Yellow – BlueRoof Material Identification      Applications Include: Leaf ColourationPlant StressCO2 concentrationMaterial identificationAlgal bloomsSea grass and reefsSeparation of iron formations“True colour”Plant species identification

Red Edge | 706 – 746 nm Centered strategically at the onset of the high reflectivity portion of vegetation responseVery valuable in measuring plant health and aiding in the classification of vegetation NIR1 – Red Edge – RedCamouflage Detection      Applications Include: Vegetation healthVegetation stressVegetation typeVegetation ageSea grass and reefsLand / no land analysisImpervious surfacesTurbidityCamouflage

Multispectral imageclassification

Blue | 448 – 510 nm Readily absorbed by chlorophyll in plants Provides good penetration of water Less affected by atmospheric scattering and absorption compared to the Coastal band Green – Blue – CoastalWater Depth Composite      Applications Include: Coastal applicationsWater body penetrationDiscrimination of soil/vegetationForest typesReef cover features

Coastal | 400 – 452 nm Absorbed by chlorophyll in healthy plants and aids in conducting vegetative analysis Least absorbed by water, and will be very useful in bathymetric studies Substantially influenced by atmospheric scattering and has the potential to improve atmospheric correction techniques Yellow – Blue – CoastalBathymetry      Applications Include: Coastal applicationsWater penetrationDeepwater masksMaterial differentiationShadow-tree-water differentiation

The power to see beyond the visible light spectrum cannot be overstated. With hundreds of current applications and countless more waiting to be discovered, multispectral imagery is the key to unlocking insights in any industry. European Space Imaging captures imagery with up to 8 multispectral bands plus the ability to collect imagery in Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) and hyperspectral as well.

In this model, VGG16 is used for feature extraction which also performs the function of an encoder. The fully connected layer of the VGG16 is not used and instead converted to fully convolutional layer by means of 1×1 convolution.

Near-Infrared 1 | 772 – 890 nm Very effective for the estimation of moisture content and plant biomass Effectively separates water bodies from vegetation, identifies types of vegetation and also discriminates between soil types NIR1 – Red – GreenVegetation Analysis      Applications Include: Biomass surveysPlant stressWater body delineationSoil moisture