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Microscopes are made up of lenses for magnification, each with its own magnification powers. Depending on the type of lens, it will magnify the specimen according to its focal strength.

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1. which objective lens focuses closest to object 2. what controls the light entering the binocular lenses 3. how can you enhance the resolving power of a microscope 4. what is useful and false magnification PLEASE CAN YOU HELP ME IN ASWERING THOSE QUESTIONS

If you are shooting film, you can not accurately judge the results on film with a standard film loupe or by projecting the images with a slide projector. You will need a simple microscope that will give you a magnification of about 50x.

Ans. The coarse adjustment knob moves the stage up and down to bring the specimen into focus. The fine adjustment knob brings the specimen into sharp focus under low power and is used for all focusing when using high-power lenses.

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The above chart is too small to download and print. For actual lens testing, a higher resolution version is here.  This is a large file. Right click and save the file to your computer, then print it on photographic paper at about 3x3 inches in size at your printer's highest resolution photo setting.

Microscopes are generally made up of structural parts for holding and supporting the microscope and its components and the optical parts that are used for magnification and viewing of the specimen images. Modern microscopes have additional electronics and display devices. This description defines the parts of a microscope and the functions they perform to enable the visualization of specimens.

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The results of your test will not correlate with anyone's published lines per mm results. This procedure is only for comparing results from your own lenses.

You will be able to see important differences in sharpness between different lenses set at the same aperture, and differences in apertures with the same lens.

Put your camera and lens on a tripod about one inch in distance from the chart for every mm of focal length on the lens being tested. For a 50mm lens, you will be 50 inches away. For a 300mm lens, you will be 300 inches away.

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1. Ocular Lens (Eye Piece)2. Diopter Adjustment3. Head4. Nose Piece5. Objective Lens6. Arm (Carrying Handle)7. Mechanical Stage8. Stage Clip9. Aperture10. Diaphragm11. Condenser12. Coarse Adjustment13. Fine Adjustment14. Illuminator (Light Source)15. Stage Controls16. Base17. Brightness Adjustment18. Light Switch

Set your digital camera to ISO 100 at its highest capture resolution. If you are shooting film, load your camera with a high resolution film like Tech Pan (black and white) or Fuji Velvia slide film.

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Ans. The magnification of a lens is defined as the ratio of the height of an image to the height of an object. Microscope magnification measures the total enlargement of the image of an object. Magnification power is the product of eyepiece lens power and objective lens power.

Ans. Condensers are lenses that are used to collect and focus light from the illuminator into the specimen. They are found under the stage next to the diaphragm of the microscope. They play a major role in ensuring clear sharp images are produced with a high magnification of 400X and above. Abbe condenser is a condenser specially designed for high-quality microscopes, which makes the condenser to be movable and allows very high magnification of above 400X. High-quality microscopes normally have a high numerical aperture than objective lenses.

1. Illuminator (Light Source)2. Diaphragm (Iris)3. Condenser4. Condenser Focus Knob5. Rack Stop6. Stage7. Stage Control Knobs8. Nose Piece9. Objective Lens10. Tube (Head)11. Eyepiece (Ocular Lens)12. Diopter Adjustment13. Adjustment Knobs (Fine Adjustment Knob and Coarse Adjustment Knob)14. Arm15. Base16. Light Switch17. Brightness Adjustment

The following procedure will not give you exact lines per mm resolution, but will allow you to test one lens against another, or compare different f-stops on the same lens.

If you can't print your own chart, you can also find it on page 105 in the book SPECIAL PROBLEMS, one of the Time-Life series of photography books. You can get this book at your library, or have your library get it on inter-library loan. After obtaining a copy of the chart from the above book (or from the link at the bottom of the page), photocopy the chart. Resize or shrink the test chart "square" down to about 3 inches by 3 inches in size and print several copies

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Ans. A microscope is an optical instrument with one or more lens systems that are used to get a clear, magnified image of minute objects or structures that can’t be viewed by the naked eye.

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There are different types of microscopes like light microscope, dark-field microscope, phase contrast microscope, electron microscope, fluorescent microscope, etc.

Use two flash units at 45 degree angles to the chart as your light source. It is best not to use ambient light due to possible errors from vibration due to mirror slap. If you must use ambient light, make sure the light level is high enough or low enough that you aren't in the 1/60 to 1/2 second shutter speed range if you are testing a lens longer than 100mm.

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Having been constructed in the 16th Century, microscopes have revolutionized science with their ability to magnify small objects such as microbial cells, producing images with definitive structures that are identifiable and characterizable.

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One way to test your own lenses is with the USAF 1951 lens testing chart. The best way to do this is to download a high resolution file of the chart from the link at the bottom of the page, and print the file out at about 3x3 inches in size on photo paper at your printers highest resolution (with many printers this is 1440 or 1880 ppl). You will need to print several copies of the test chart

Focusing errors are the main problem you will face. After the most careful focusing possible through an eyepiece magnifier, it still helps to bracket focus a little and go by the sharpest frame/photo for that lens and aperture.

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Take your printed (or photocopied) copies of the chart and attach them to the center, corners, and edges of a flat piece of foam core, or other flat board, about 24 inches by 36 inches in size. Add more copies of the chart between the center and edges.

Ans. The eyepiece, also known as the ocular is the part used to look through the microscope. Its found at the top of the microscope. Its standard magnification is 10x with an optional eyepiece having magnifications from 5X – 30X. Objective Lens are the major lenses used for specimen visualization. They have a magnification power of 40x-100x. There are about 1- 4 objective lenses placed on one microscope, in that some are rare facing and others face forward.

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If you are shooting film, when you get your processed film back, look at it with a microscope of about 50X magnification. Simple, inexpensive microscopes are sold by Edmund Scientific. You want the Scientifics catalog.

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Their ability to function is because they have been constructed with special components that enable them to achieve high magnification levels. They can view very small specimens and distinguish their structural differences, for example, the view of animal and plant cells viewing microscopic bacterial cells.

The light is then focused on the eyepiece lens. This lens further magnifies the pre-magnified image coming from the objectives.

A beam of light is passed through the condenser to the specimen. The light transmitted from the specimen enters the objective lens. While passing through the objectives, the transmitted rays are spread so that they appear to come from the bigger objects.

Microscopes are instruments that are used in science laboratories to visualize very minute objects, such as cells and microorganisms, giving a contrasting image that is magnified.

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The optical parts of the microscope are used to view, magnify, and produce an image from a specimen placed on a slide. These parts include:

Put a removable sticky label on the chart for each lens and aperture in use. Change labels when changing lenses or apertures. This eliminates confusion later when looking at slides or negatives and wondering which frames were taken with which lens and at what aperture.

Don't be surprised if the center chart has sharper lines than the edge charts. Most lenses are sharper in the center of the frame, especially at wide apertures. At the smallest apertures, all lenses get less sharp due to diffraction (bending of the light as it passes through the small aperture).

Ans. Rack stop is included in the microscope for preventing the specimen slide from coming too far up and hitting the objective lens.

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You can see from the small version of the chart below that the lines are grouped in sets of six, three horizontal and three vertical. Each set of six lines is slightly smaller than the preceding set.  The smaller the lines that are are distinguishable on film, the greater the resolution, or in other words, the sharper the lens is at that aperture.