In the Glan-Taylor polarizing prism shown on the right the rejected (ordinary) ray is absorbed by black mounting material in the prism housing.

Circularpolarization

The two beams within the birefringent crystal are referred to as the ordinary and extraordinary ray, respectively.  The polarization of the extraordinary ray lies in the plane containing the direction of propagation and the optic axis, and the polarization of the ordinary ray is perpendicular to this plane.

This concept also applies to light waves. When sunlight (or moonlight) encounters a cloud droplet, light waves are altered and interact with one another in a similar manner as the water waves described above. If there is constructive interference, (the crests of two light waves combining), the light will appear brighter. If there is destructive interference, (the trough of one light wave meeting the crest of another), the light will either appear darker or disappear entirely. Refraction Terms for using data resources. CD-ROM available. Credits and Acknowledgments for WW2010. Department of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) atthe University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. air, dust, haze

Right-circularlypolarized light

The figure below shows the trace of the field vector Ex = E0exp(i(kz - ωt)), Ey = E0exp(i(kz - ωt + φ)) in a plane perpendicular to the z-axis when looking towards the source.  (E0x = E0y = E0)

This concept also applies to light waves. When sunlight (or moonlight) encounters a cloud droplet, light waves are altered and interact with one another in a similar manner as the water waves described above. If there is constructive interference, (the crests of two light waves combining), the light will appear brighter. If there is destructive interference, (the trough of one light wave meeting the crest of another), the light will either appear darker or disappear entirely. Refraction Terms for using data resources. CD-ROM available. Credits and Acknowledgments for WW2010. Department of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) atthe University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. air, dust, haze

When the sun is at a low angle in the sky, the sunlight reflecting off the surface of water is nearly 100% horizontally polarized because the angle of incidence is close to the Brewster angle.  Glare-reducing sunglasses are coated with a polarizer with a vertical transmission axis and therefore block the reflected light.

Circular polarized lightformula

Circular polarized lightmeaning

Diffraction is the slight bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object. The amount of bending depends on the relative size of the wavelength of light to the size of the opening. If the opening is much larger than the light's wavelength, the bending will be almost unnoticeable. However, if the two are closer in size or equal, the amount of bending is considerable, and easily seen with the naked eye. In the atmosphere, diffracted light is actually bent around atmospheric particles -- most commonly, the atmospheric particles are tiny water droplets found in clouds. Diffracted light can produce fringes of light, dark or colored bands. An optical effect that results from the diffraction of light is the silver lining sometimes found around the edges of clouds or coronas surrounding the sun or moon. The illustration above shows how light (from either the sun or the moon) is bent around small droplets in the cloud. Optical effects resulting from diffraction are produced through the interference of light waves. To visualize this, imagine light waves as water waves. If water waves were incident upon a float residing on the water surface, the float would bounce up and down in response to the incident waves, producing waves of its own. As these waves spread outward in all directions from the float, they interact with other water waves. If the crests of two waves combine, an amplified wave is produced (constructive interference). However, if a crest of one wave and a trough of another wave combine, they cancel each other out to produce no vertical displacement (destructive interference). This concept also applies to light waves. When sunlight (or moonlight) encounters a cloud droplet, light waves are altered and interact with one another in a similar manner as the water waves described above. If there is constructive interference, (the crests of two light waves combining), the light will appear brighter. If there is destructive interference, (the trough of one light wave meeting the crest of another), the light will either appear darker or disappear entirely. Refraction Terms for using data resources. CD-ROM available. Credits and Acknowledgments for WW2010. Department of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) atthe University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. air, dust, haze

Refraction Terms for using data resources. CD-ROM available. Credits and Acknowledgments for WW2010. Department of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) atthe University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. air, dust, haze

In other devices the changes in direction of propagation between the two rays is used to separate the incoming beam into two orthogonally polarized beams as in the Wollaston and Thompson beam-splitting prisms.

Linearlypolarized light

If a beam of linearly polarized monochromatic light enters a birefringent crystal along a direction not parallel to the optical axis of the crystal, the beam will may be divided into two separate beams.  Each will be polarized at right angles to the other, and they will travel in different directions.  The intensity of the original beam will be divided between the two new beams in a manner which depends on the original orientation of the electric field vector with respect to the crystal.  The ratio or the intensities of the two orthogonally polarized beams can have any value.

Linearly polarized light is a special case of elliptically polarized light.  If the light is linearly polarized, then the two components oscillate in phase,  for example Ex = E0xexp(i(kz - ωt)), Ey = E0yexp(i(kz - ωt)), φ = 0.  The direction of E and the direction of propagation define a plane.  The electric vector traces out a straight line.  For example, E = Ei = E0xexp(i(kz - ωt))i.

In the atmosphere, diffracted light is actually bent around atmospheric particles -- most commonly, the atmospheric particles are tiny water droplets found in clouds. Diffracted light can produce fringes of light, dark or colored bands. An optical effect that results from the diffraction of light is the silver lining sometimes found around the edges of clouds or coronas surrounding the sun or moon. The illustration above shows how light (from either the sun or the moon) is bent around small droplets in the cloud. Optical effects resulting from diffraction are produced through the interference of light waves. To visualize this, imagine light waves as water waves. If water waves were incident upon a float residing on the water surface, the float would bounce up and down in response to the incident waves, producing waves of its own. As these waves spread outward in all directions from the float, they interact with other water waves. If the crests of two waves combine, an amplified wave is produced (constructive interference). However, if a crest of one wave and a trough of another wave combine, they cancel each other out to produce no vertical displacement (destructive interference). This concept also applies to light waves. When sunlight (or moonlight) encounters a cloud droplet, light waves are altered and interact with one another in a similar manner as the water waves described above. If there is constructive interference, (the crests of two light waves combining), the light will appear brighter. If there is destructive interference, (the trough of one light wave meeting the crest of another), the light will either appear darker or disappear entirely. Refraction Terms for using data resources. CD-ROM available. Credits and Acknowledgments for WW2010. Department of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) atthe University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. air, dust, haze

Ellipticallypolarized light

In the atmosphere, diffracted light is actually bent around atmospheric particles -- most commonly, the atmospheric particles are tiny water droplets found in clouds. Diffracted light can produce fringes of light, dark or colored bands. An optical effect that results from the diffraction of light is the silver lining sometimes found around the edges of clouds or coronas surrounding the sun or moon. The illustration above shows how light (from either the sun or the moon) is bent around small droplets in the cloud. Optical effects resulting from diffraction are produced through the interference of light waves. To visualize this, imagine light waves as water waves. If water waves were incident upon a float residing on the water surface, the float would bounce up and down in response to the incident waves, producing waves of its own. As these waves spread outward in all directions from the float, they interact with other water waves. If the crests of two waves combine, an amplified wave is produced (constructive interference). However, if a crest of one wave and a trough of another wave combine, they cancel each other out to produce no vertical displacement (destructive interference). This concept also applies to light waves. When sunlight (or moonlight) encounters a cloud droplet, light waves are altered and interact with one another in a similar manner as the water waves described above. If there is constructive interference, (the crests of two light waves combining), the light will appear brighter. If there is destructive interference, (the trough of one light wave meeting the crest of another), the light will either appear darker or disappear entirely. Refraction Terms for using data resources. CD-ROM available. Credits and Acknowledgments for WW2010. Department of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) atthe University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. air, dust, haze

The extraordinary ray violates both Snell’s Law and the Law of Reflection.  It is not necessarily confined to the plane of incidence.  Its speed changes with direction.  The index of refraction for the extraordinary ray is a continuous function of direction.  The index of refraction for the ordinary ray is independent of direction.  When the ordinary index of refraction is plotted against wavelength, the dispersion curve for the ordinary ray is a single unique curve.  The dispersion curve for the extraordinary ray is a family of curves with different curves for different directions.  A ray normally incident on a birefringent crystalline surface will be divided into two rays at the boundary, unless it is in a special polarization state or unless the crystalline surface is perpendicular to an optic axis.  The extraordinary ray will deviate from the incident direction while the ordinary ray will not.  The ordinary ray index n0 and the most extreme extraordinary ray index ne are together known as the principal indices of refraction of the material.  The direction of the lesser index is called the fast axis because light polarized in that direction has the higher speed.

Optical effects resulting from diffraction are produced through the interference of light waves. To visualize this, imagine light waves as water waves. If water waves were incident upon a float residing on the water surface, the float would bounce up and down in response to the incident waves, producing waves of its own. As these waves spread outward in all directions from the float, they interact with other water waves. If the crests of two waves combine, an amplified wave is produced (constructive interference). However, if a crest of one wave and a trough of another wave combine, they cancel each other out to produce no vertical displacement (destructive interference). This concept also applies to light waves. When sunlight (or moonlight) encounters a cloud droplet, light waves are altered and interact with one another in a similar manner as the water waves described above. If there is constructive interference, (the crests of two light waves combining), the light will appear brighter. If there is destructive interference, (the trough of one light wave meeting the crest of another), the light will either appear darker or disappear entirely. Refraction Terms for using data resources. CD-ROM available. Credits and Acknowledgments for WW2010. Department of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) atthe University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. air, dust, haze

The electric field vector E can always be resolved into two perpendicular components.  The light is elliptically polarized, then the two components have a constant phase difference, and the tip of the electric field vector traces out an ellipse in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

A quarter-wave plate δ = π/2 can be used to convert linearly polarized light to circularly polarized light.  The incident linearly polarized light must be oriented at 45o to the wave plate's axes.  A half-wave plate δ = π can be used to rotate the plane of linearly polarized light.  The angle of rotation is 2θ, where θ is the angle between the angle of polarization and the wave plate's fast axis.

A half-wave plate δ = π can be used to rotate the plane of linearly polarized light.  The angle of rotation is 2θ, where θ is the angle between the angle of polarization and the wave plate's fast axis.