Optical beamsplitters are used to split input light into two separate parts. Polarizing beam splitter cube or plate is common in illumination systems.

The standard compound microscope contains 3 objective lenses with different powers, resolutions, and fields of view to provide a tiered viewing experience.

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The 40x or 100x high power objective produces the highest magnification and resolution to reveal subcellular structures and other intricate details not discernable with the lower powered lenses but has an extremely narrow field of view. It is used for critical inspection of key areas after initial surveys with lower-powered objectives.

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These are used to selectively transmit or reject a wavelength or range of wavelengths. Filters are used in spectroscopy, clinical chemistry, machine vision inspection, and more.

Practically, low magnification facilitates efficient scanning of the overall specimen to find areas of interest to study further, saving significant time compared to searching blindly at high power. It provides necessary contextual orientation.

The major components of a compound microscope are the ocular lens in the eyepiece, the objective turret housing multiple objective lenses, the condenser lens below the stage, the illumination system, and the mechanical arm. Each part plays a critical optical or functional role.

Proper illumination from below is vital for viewing clarity. The maximum resolution or resolving power is limited by the wavelength of light and optics. Higher quality objectives provide greater usable resolution to see fine details.

The level of microscope magnification depends on the optical properties of both the ocular and objective lenses. The ocular lens magnifies the primary image 10x. The objectives provide progressively higher magnifying power of 4x, 10x, 40x, and sometimes 100x.

While the basic 3 objective arrangement still dominates today, some microscopes incorporate additional objectives or special enhancements for increased performance and capabilities.

The 10x or 20x medium power objective delivers comfortable viewing magnification and reasonably high resolution to see some finer details in the context of the larger specimen structure. It is commonly used for routine examination, counting cells, measuring proportions, and making sketches.

Certain instruments are designed to accommodate additional high-power 60x or 100x objective lenses when extremely high magnification and resolution are critical, such as for cytology or microbiology applications.

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The multiple objectives with parcentered optics allow users to quickly switch between lenses and magnifications to obtain just the right view. This facilitates efficient and intuitive workflows.

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Flat, plane-parallel plates that are often used as protective barriers for electronic sensors or detectors from outside environments.

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The set of 3 objective lenses on most compound microscopes elegantly fulfills the range of observational needs in microscopy, from scanning the big picture to examining the most minute details. Their differing optical properties and fields of view provide efficient and flexible viewing capabilities not possible with a single objective lens. The specific numbers and powers may be tailored for particular applications, but the core triad arrangement remains ubiquitous out of logical necessity.

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A question commonly asked about compound microscopes is: What’s the purpose of having 3 objective lenses attached to it? The answer is quite simple.

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The standard compound light microscope has 3 objective lenses to provide different magnification powers, resolving abilities, and fields of view to visualize specimens in increasing detail.

High-performance objectives may have adjustable correction collars to optimize the optical correction for viewing specimen slides with different coverslip thicknesses, allowing the best possible image.

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Optical lenses are components designed to focus or diverge light. They may consist of a single or multiple elements. Optical lens are used from medical to laser processing industries.

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Having a continuum of magnifications allows the microscope to accommodate samples of vastly different sizes from whole insect bodies down to single cells. A single high-power objective cannot cover this entire range.

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The lowest magnification objective is typically a 4x or 10x lens. Its primary purpose is to provide a wide field of view of the overall specimen on the slide for initial orientation and scanning. The low magnification reduces aberrations from optical imperfections.

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Phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy require specialized objectives with matched condenser optics to image transparent specimens. These are often incorporated as a fourth objective or replace one of the standard ones.

The compound light microscope is an indispensable tool used ubiquitously in science disciplines to visualize small objects in fine detail. Unlike simple magnifying glasses, the compound microscope uses two lens systems to enlarge specimens up to 1000x their actual size.

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The range of magnifications enables users to choose the appropriate level for their particular application, whether surveying tissue architecture or examining subcellular organelles. No single objective lens can provide optimal performance across this wide range of viewing needs.

Higher magnification requires higher resolution to realize the full benefit. The higher-powered objectives have correspondingly greater resolving power to take advantage of the increased magnification whereas the lower-power lenses have comparatively less resolution which is ample for their magnification level.

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Lenses with lower power and larger fields of view can have optics optimized for brightness whereas high magnification lenses with narrow fields are optimized for resolution at the expense of brightness.

The provision of 3 objective lenses with differing optical properties confers important complementary advantages that enhance the microscopy user experience and workflow efficiency.

Lasers use these design research optics and laser technology with short pulse durations on the order of picoseconds, femtoseconds, or attoseconds.

Some microscopes include extra low power 1x or 2x objectives for an even wider field of view to help orient the largest samples. These have become more common on inverted microscopes.