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A gas laser uses a gas such as CO2 as the laser medium. Compared with solid-state lasers or other laser mediums, a gas medium is more uniform with less loss, and the resonator can be larger to allow for larger laser output.

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A solid-state laser uses ore such as yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (YAG) or yttrium vanadate crystal (YVO4) as the laser medium. Because solid-state lasers have a large laser output per unit volume, a large laser output is possible even with a small resonator.

Lasers used for laser welding employ gas, a solid object, or a semiconductor as the medium. The oscillation form, output, and conversion efficiency of the laser beam output by each medium vary. The following section takes a closer look at the features of each medium while also explaining the oscillation form, which is a major factor in laser welding.

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The oscillation form of a laser can be either pulsed or continuous. Pulse oscillation lasers generate a pulse wave by controlling (through light modulation) the intensity, wavelength, and phase of the laser beam. Methods for generating a pulse also include controlling the Q value of the laser oscillator as with Q-switch lasers. The “Q value” is the ratio of energy consumed in each cycle to the accumulated energy. This value can be expressed by the following formula.

Semiconductor lasers use III-V semiconductors or IV-VI semiconductors for the laser medium. Both semiconductor types ensure device compactness while also offering a large laser output. Although semiconductors are solid objects, they are sometimes classified separately from solid-state lasers in laser technology fields.

This guide includes basic welding knowledge such as welding types and mechanisms, and detailed knowledge related to welding automation and troubleshooting.