PhotoModeler is one of the leading tools for photogrammetry (the science of generating measurements and accurate 3d data from photography).

But some issues can be deal-breakers: problems with the physical structure of the home, for example, or safety issues such as lead pipes or an improper installation of a furnace or water heater.

Here’s what to expect on home inspection day as a home seller or buyer. Learn what the inspector will look for and how you should handle any issues that are turned up in the process.

Additionally, if a professional home inspection reveals serious problems with a property, potential buyers can back out of the home purchase or renegotiate the sale price, provided they have a home inspection contingency in their purchase agreement.

A strict technical definition of focal length is difficult without providing a lot of background in lens theory, so we will use a simplification. You can think of focal length as the distance between the imaging plane (e.g. the image chip in a digital camera) and a point where all light rays intersect inside the lens (the ‘optical center’). So a focal length of 20mm means that the distance from the optical center to the imaging plane is 20mm long (about ¾ of an inch). What does the focal length number mean?

It estimates that an average house inspection costs $340, but can range from $280 to $401 depending on where you live and size of the home.

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Sometimes, sellers get their own home inspection before they put their homes on the market. That can reassure potential purchasers. And it can provide the owner with a chance to fix issues ahead of the marketing of the property.

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It’s in your interest as a home seller to provide quick and easy access to everything on that home inspection checklist. Here are some ways you can help:

In many cases though, the advantages of using focus (i.e. crisp targets and distinct features) with subtle effects on principal distance/focal length, outweigh the advantages of keeping focus and principal distance constant (i.e. potentially causing blur in some photos taken at a different distance).

Don’t worry too much about the length of the inspector’s list of problems; instead, pay attention to the severity of the problems.

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If your home inspector uncovers safety or structural issues, you’ll have a more important decision to make: Should you still buy the home?

After these repairs have been completed you may want to do your own walk-through inspection to make sure all the items on your list got fixed.

Some certified home inspectors offer additional services such as radon testing and will recommend asbestos testing for homes that are suspected to be at risk.

Above we mention that focal length is related to focus distance.  Focal length is the principal distance of a camera when it is focused at infinity. In photogrammetry we are interested in the camera’s internal geometry at the time photos were taken – so it is the principal distance that we want to know precisely in photogrammetry.

This is not the time to carry out expensive projects. But you might as well go for any quick wins that are available. After all, your buyer’s likely to try to leverage any black marks in the inspection report for a lower price. Who knows? You might even save a few bucks.

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But this appraisal will not reveal specific details about the condition of the home. A home appraisal will be more concerned with the home’s location, size, and general condition.

Careful buyers — or ones alerted to potential problems by the inspector — may want to commission further home inspection reports from specialists concerning the possible presence of:

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Most reports list dozens of defects. Some defect lists run into three figures. That’s because there’s no such thing as a perfect home, especially if the property is a few decades old.

Modern digital cameras can have imaging chips that are as small as 6mm by 4mm; some Smartphone cameras are even smaller, and then up to full 24mm by 35mm size.  A very common size is the APS-C format at 16mm by 24mm. This smaller size affects what is considered to be a ‘normal’ focal length.

Seeing the home inspection process can be much more informative than reading the report on its own. And it can give you some perspective on how major or minor each issue is.

Camera manufacturers sometimes list these equivalents because some photographers are more familiar with 35mm cameras and they want to make it easier to understand. It also gives us a standard of reference for all the different format sizes. They may also list the multiplier factor. For example, the APS-C multiplier is around 1.6x.  So a 32mm lens on an APS-C camera (like the Nikon D3200) would act like a 50mm lens on a 35mm film camera. Does focusing affect the focal length?

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As a seller, on the other hand, you want to know what the inspector will look for so you can be prepared for their visit and help everything go as smoothly as possible.

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As with most things in life, the cheapest inspector isn’t always the best — especially if your state doesn’t license home inspectors. Make sure yours is sufficiently qualified and experienced to do a good job.

According to the American Society of Home Inspectors (ASHI), here’s the full list of what a certified home inspector will review:

A home inspection checklist can be a valuable tool when you’re selling a property. If you know what an inspector’s going to be looking for, you can sort out minor issues in advance.

A camera typically has focal length in a range of 10mm to 500mm.  Different types of camera can have different ranges and speciality lenses can extend outside this range as well.  A 10mm focal length would be a very wide lens (capturing a lot of the scene), and 500mm would be a very narrow lens (capturing only a small part of the scene – giving a large magnification like binoculars or a telescope).

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An inspection contingency is a common provision in a home purchase contract that gives buyers an opportunity to identify any serious issues before closing on a property.

When you buy a digital camera you will often see the specification “equivalent 35mm focal length”. What does this mean? Most digital cameras have imaging chips that cover much less area than a standard 35mm film frame. Since 35mm film cameras were the standard for so long in photography, much of the techniques and methods were developed around them. A 35mm film camera has a negative that is about 36mm wide by 24mm high (the “35” comes from the physical width of the film stock that is exactly 35mm wide).  A ‘normal lens’ (has a field of view that appears ‘natural’ to humans) on a 35mm film camera has a focal length of 50mm.

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Regardless if you’re a first-time home buyer or a seasoned homeowner, a professional home inspection is typically a good practice.

Chances are, you recently prepared your home for showing and it’s already in close-to-perfect condition. But look around for new defects. If a shingle has slipped from the roof or a pane of glass has cracked, get them fixed in advance.

Speaking of safety issues, lead and asbestos were commonly used in the construction of older homes but are banned from recently built homes.

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The focal length number tells us how much of the scene is captured in the picture. The lower the number the wider the view, and the more we can see.  The higher the number, the narrower the view, and the less we can see.   This is illustrated below – where the camera is stationary and the focal length (in white numerals) changes:

All lenses have a stated or specified focal length value (or range of values for a zoom lens). This printed number is actually its nominal length or the principal distance when the lens is focused at infinity. As you focus on objects that are closer to the camera, the principal distance changes.  So for example, a 50mm lens focused on an object a few feet away might have a principal distance of 55mm lens at that time. The most extreme example of this is with a macro setting (a lens setting that allows you to focus on very close, very small objects, under 5″ in size for example). A lens that has a 50mm nominal focal length (so a 50mm principal distance when focused at infinity) might in fact have a 100mm principal distance when focused at a few inches! This is why it is good with photogrammetry (where precise geometry is needed) to calibrate a camera at the distance you will be working with.

Unlike a home inspector, the appraiser will not crawl around in the basement or climb onto the roof searching for problems.

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For example, if the report noted the HVAC system was 15 years old and used an inefficient blower, you’ll know to start planning ahead for replacing the system in the next few years.

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However, cherry-picking small problems that are quick, easy, and inexpensive to fix can drastically shorten the list of defects a report turns up. And the shorter that list, the better the chances of your sale closing without quibbles.

Mortgage lenders will need a home appraisal to assess the value of the home you’re buying. An appraisal is part of the borrowing process just like checking your credit score or debt-to-income ratio.

If the home inspection report showed only minor and expected problems, the home buying process should continue as planned.

However, not all buyers are willing to accept a report paid for by the seller. In fact, experts recommend that buyers choose their own inspector, someone without ties to either the seller or the seller’s Realtor.

If you’d like to buy a home warranty to protect systems in your home, your home inspection could help you decide what level of protection to buy. Some warranties let you choose which systems in your home to protect. Your inspection should show your home’s most vulnerable systems.

A home inspection is the buyer’s last opportunity to discover problems with the house before purchasing. And it’s a chance for the seller to address those problems and negotiate pricing with the buyer.

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Many issues, such as loose doorknobs or cracks in the paved driveway, will be so minor you won’t bother fixing them right away, even though you know they’re there.

Focal length is a number that is vital to photography and photogrammetry but often misunderstood. What is focal length?

There is some ability to calibrate a camera (which solves the principal distance) at one focus and execute your photogrammetric project at another focus.  The actual discrepancy that is acceptable depends on your accuracy requirements and how much the focus changes.  Generally a calibration done at 2m/6ft focus distance is acceptable for projects up to infinite focus (again depending on accuracy requirements), but may not be acceptable for a project where the focus distance was 50cm/20in.

Of course, nobody’s expecting perfection. It’s very rare to see a blemish-free home inspection report. And it may be you’ve already negotiated over some known issues and they’ve been reflected in the price.

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Let’s say you take a picture of an automobile with two cameras, a 35mm film camera and a smartphone camera. You stand in the same spot and take two photos, one with each camera. In both cases you want to take a photo of the automobile that fills the frame. If the 35mm film camera lens has a 50mm focal length, the digital camera’s focal length might be 4mm. So even though they are very different numbers they produce the same result because of the size of the imaging surface. So the “equivalent 35mm focal length” for this smartphone camera at 4mm is 50mm.

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You may choose to give the seller, or the seller’s Realtor, a list of minor issues to fix. Getting the owner to fix a leaky faucet, replace a missing doorstop, or re-attach a downspout will shorten your to-do list after moving in.

Home inspections provide valuable information before you buy a home. But they can help you make decisions after closing on the home, too. Your home inspection report could serve as a guide to scheduling and planning future repairs.

The buyer usually pays for a professional home inspection. However, on making an offer, some insist the seller pays. So that’s an item for negotiation.

Clearly, the inspector isn’t going to tear your home apart to inspect piping and wiring. But the more exterior and interior parts of the home an inspector can access, the more complete the final report will be.

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As a home buyer, the home inspection is your last chance to uncover defects with the house — and potentially get the seller to pay for them — before sealing the deal.

Cameras can have fixed lenses (sometimes called ‘prime’ lenses) which have just one focal length, or zoom lenses which allow the focal length to be varied (for example between 18mm-55mm, or 55mm-200mm). For high accuracy photogrammetric work in PhotoModeler, a fixed (or prime) wide lens (such as a 20mm lens on an APS-C frame camera) is recommended as the primary option, but different applications may require different focal lengths, and cameras with adjustable zoom lenses can still be used to achieve very good results with some extra procedural care over the focal length.

Certified home inspectors are people, too. And just like everyone else, they associate a clean, sweet-smelling house with homeowners who care for their property. It will do you no harm if the inspection starts off from that perspective.

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Note: A technical photogrammetry term that you may come across is the “Principal Distance”.  Strictly, the Principal Distance is the distance mentioned above (i.e. distance from imaging plane to the lens optical sensor), and the focal length is the principal distance when the lens is focused at infinity. See below for more information on focus vs focal length. When PhotoModeler lists focal length for a camera, it is actually the Principal Distance that is shown.