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Focal length

I agree that this post is very user friendly, without jargon but explain relevant jargon simultaneously. Thank you, a simple concept but one often taken for granted by inexperienced photographers.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask in the comment section below, and Photography Life’s team of professional photographers will work hard to provide an answer.

I know how simple optics work but I'll admit I don't know how the more complicated lenses work. But I am interested to learn so I will read the responses here from more knowledgeable people and the links they have posted.

That brings us to the concept of camera sensor size. Digital cameras today come with a wide variety of camera sensor sizes, depending on the manufacturer and camera model. For example, a full-frame camera sensor has the same size as traditional 35mm-style film (specifically, 36 by 24 millimeters). From there, other cameras have larger and smaller sensors.

Telephotos are far easier to design than wide angle lenses and have a far simpler arrangement of elements and groups in the optical path. Wide angle zooms are even more complicated and harder to design.

Nevertheless: wide angle lenses on Single Lens Reflex cameras (including DSLRS) are by necessity reverse telephoto designs. For cameras that do not use a reflex viewing system ( mirrorless digital, rangefinders and view cameras) they do not need to be.

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But considering the large flange distance in SLRs, how can you design a lens to have a smaller focal length than the flange distance of the mount? For example the Canon EF mount is 44mm. How can you design a lens with a 24mm focal length for such a relatively large flange distance? Aren't you inherently limited by flange distance?

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Focal length is a property of the lens itself, not the camera. For example, a 50mm lens is a 50mm lens, regardless of whether on a full frame, cropped sensor, or medium format camera. However, the size of the sensor does play a role in how your photos will look at a particular focal length – more about that in a minute.

However, cropping does change your photo’s field of view (again, “field of view” is how much of the scene is in your photo). Although that may sound obvious, it is very important to internalize.

The MFT camera sensor ‘sees’ only half of the field of view of the full‑frame sensor, when using lenses having the same focal length on both cameras.

Nasim Mansurov wrote an excellent article on Equivalent Focal Length and Field of View that covers this topic in more detail. If you want to learn more about crop factor and effective focal length, give it a look.

Prime lenses have a single, fixed focal length. For example, a 50mm f/1.8 lens (one of the most common and popular lenses ever, from any brand) is considered a prime lens.

I suggest that people who don't know about optics shouldn't talk about lens design. It's not all that important unless you're trying to design a lens. I design lenses so I have some background in the terms and concepts used in that discipline. But I still have to look them up.

Again, all of these numbers are written in full-frame terms. If you have a crop-sensor camera, you will need to find your equivalent focal lengths by dividing these numbers by 1.5, 2, or whatever your crop factor is.

What you really need to know is that lenses with long focal lengths bring objects closer, like a telescope. And, on the flip side, wide angle lenses are great for capturing large vistas.

As I noted earlier, the focal length is the distance between the second principal plane and the focal plane when the lens is focusing a plane wave (like light coming from infinity). No nodes anywhere.

Therefore, when the MTF camera has a 60mm focal length lens, the full‑frame camera will require a 120mm focal length lens to obtain an equivalent field of view.

Crop factor is also surprisingly simple. The definition of crop factor is: the size of a full-frame camera sensor, relative to the size of your camera sensor (measured diagonally).

“M.Zuiko ED 60mm f2.8 Macro at a Glance … 120mm 35MM Equivalent Focal Length” [https://explore.omsystem.com/gb/en/m-zuiko-ed-60mm-f2-8-macro]

As noted in Roger's web page, a lens with a given focal length can be very near or very far from the sensor. Optics is rather complex and counterintuitive in many ways.

Can you help me understand how a 60mm f2.8 macro lens is described as being 120 mm and, at the same time, equivalent to 35 mm focal length. I am completely bewildered.

5. Super-telephoto lenses have focal lengths exceeding 300 mm. They are often used for photographing wildlife, sports, and other small or distant subjects. These lenses can be very large and heavy and may require the use of a tripod to support them. They are also very expensive, sometimes over $10,000. However, there are less expensive options available, too, especially if you get a used or refurbished copy.

Field of view

I figured I would try and get an understanding about how optics work but I can't quite wrap my head around focal length. So it is my understanding that focal length is the distance between the converging point of a lens and the sensor/film, and the flange distance is the distance between the lens mount and the sensor/film. Okay, great. But considering the large flange distance in SLRs, how can you design a lens to have a smaller focal length than the flange distance of the mount? For example the Canon EF mount is 44mm. How can you design a lens with a 24mm focal length for such a relatively large flange distance? Aren't you inherently limited by flange distance?

Full-frame camera sensors are about 43 millimeters long diagonally. So, if your camera has a sensor with a 28 millimeter diagonal, then your crop factor is simply 43÷28. This equals approximately 1.5.

Many photographers misunderstand the concept of focal length. Contrary to what some people think, the focal length of a camera lens is not the lens’s physical length, and it has little to do with its overall size. So, what is focal length? This article will explain the answer, including how to decide which focal length is right for your style of photography.

No, you haven’t. As explained earlier, focal length is an innate property of a lens. It’s the distance between the nodal point and the camera sensor, so it isn’t something that cropping affects.

The nodal point is not relevant to this discussion. You measure focal length from the second principal point (or plane). The second principal point in a retrofocus lens is typically behind the rear element.

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Not great. You have the flange distance right but not the focal length. What's the "converging point" of a lens? The focal length is defined as the distance between the second principal point of a lens and the place where parallel rays would focus. The second principal point is a somewhat abstruse mathematical concept. It's the place where, if you put a pinhole, it would generate an image the same size that the lens is making.

The article you linked seemed to say that it's about bending the light to give a desired field of view equal and it has nothing to do with how far the center of the lens is to the sensor.

I seemed to be under the impression that for example a 135mm lens had to be 135mm (about 5.3 inches) from the center point of the lens to the sensor. That's what basic diagrams like below seemed to imply.

“Nodal point” may sound complicated, but it is simply the point where light converges in a lens. Here’s a simple diagram showing the focal length of a lens, based upon this definition:

To make it easier to talk about focal length, photographers generally divide lenses into five main descriptive categories.

As noted in Roger's web page, a lens with a given focal length can be very near or very far from the sensor. Optics is rather complex and counterintuitive in many ways.

Focal length is important because it relates to the field of view of a lens – that is, how much of the scene you’ll capture. It also explains how large or small a subject in your photo will appear.

If you need to magnify a distant subject, opt for a telephoto lens. Meanwhile, if you’re a landscape or architectural photographer, make sure to carry a wide-angle lens. For portraiture, and anything else in between, you can’t go wrong with a Nifty Fifty in your bag.

In practice, however, there is a limit. If you design a very short focal length lens for an SLR with a large flange distance, the lens will be very complicated and expensive.

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Zoom lenses are convenient because they allow you to access more than one focal length, without needing to change lenses. However, compared to prime lenses, they tend to be heavier, slightly less sharp, and worse in low light. There are exceptions, but they can be very expensive.

Finally, the more you photos that you take, the better you’ll understand focal length. Most full-time photographers have a good mental image of the difference between two different focal lengths – say, 24mm versus 35mm – and they can quickly pick the right lens for the photo they’re about to take. With practice, you’ll get to that point, too!

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4. Telephoto lenses have focal lengths between 70mm and 300mm. They are regularly used by wildlife photographers to get closer to their subjects without being seen. They are also popular for portrait photography, and a surprising number of landscape photographers use them to capture more abstract or close-up detail photos. One feature of these lenses is that they easily isolate a subject from its background using a shallow depth of field. So, you’ll need to make sure you focus more carefully with such lenses.

Well, there are simple lenses, like magnifying glasses or spectacle lenses. A simple lens focuses light from infinity just about one focal length from the lens. But if you put simple lenses together you can change all that because each lens in a train of lenses works with the image produced by the lens in front of it. So the focus can be anywhere or, for that matter, nowhere.

Sometimes, it can be very useful to convert lenses between different sensor sizes. For example, maybe your favorite photographer loves using 50mm lenses – but that photographer shoots with a full-frame camera, and you shoot with a crop-sensor camera. How do you know which focal length will provide the same field of view on your camera?

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Photographic subjects appear larger when you use long focal length lenses, which is why such lenses are so popular for wildlife photography and sports photography. With a long enough lens, you can easily make a subject look larger-than-life.

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It is also difficult to design a very long focal length lens that is physically short. Telephoto lenses are shorter than their focal length, but not much less than half. A 400mm pancake lens is not practical.

Because using a different sensor size is basically like cropping, your camera sensor size will change your photo’s field of view.

The article you linked seemed to say that it's about bending the light to give a desired field of view equal and it has nothing to do with how far the center of the lens is to the sensor.

While the technical definition of focal length may be relevant to some people, as photographers, it is more important to understand is what focal length looks like!

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1. Ultra-wide lenses have a focal length of less than 24mm (all of these numbers are in full-frame terms). They capture incredibly broad views. However, because of this, they often present a distorted or exaggerated view of the world. They are great lenses for landscape photography, and they’re fun for special effects if you get up close to your subject. Also, if you do real estate photography or architectural photography, you’ll definitely want one of these lenses in your bag to capture full interiors.

One way to think of small camera sensors is that, essentially, they are crops of bigger sensors. In fact, they are often called “crop-sensor cameras” for this very reason.

The 10.5mm is not overly long but some other lenses carry this to more lengths. Take a look at the size of the new Sigma 18-35 ART.

The principle behind this optical engineering feat is well known. The artangement of lens elements and groups bend the light path so the nodal point of the lens is moved towards the front of the lens. This known as a "reverse telephoto" design and with some ultra-wide angle lenses the nodal pount can actually be in front of the first element.

For another way to visualize this phenomenon, consider the illustration below. It shows the approximate field of view of three different lenses: a 500mm lens at one extreme, a 20mm lens at the other extreme, and then a 50mm lens, which is considered a “normal” lens. (The angles shown below are based off of a full-frame camera.)

Then there are some expensive cameras which go in the opposite direction, since their sensors are even larger than full-frame. For example, Fuji’s medium-format GFX 100S has a crop factor of 0.79×!

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PL provides various digital photography news, reviews, articles, tips, tutorials and guides to photographers of all levels

Field of viewvs angleof view

It’s important to understand the definition of focal length as a photographer, but don’t get hung up on the technical terms or math-related concepts.

Sorry, i did not have the rigjt language at hand. I was trying to express in insufficient language the same idea you are expressing, and you clearly have more experience in this area than I do.

As you can see from the diagram above, focal length is determined when the lens is focused on something very far away – in other words, focused to infinity.

That’s where the concept of “crop factor” comes in. Crop factor takes the guesswork out of converting lenses across cameras.

Lenses are named by their focal length. You can find this information on the barrel of the lens, and almost every camera lens ever made will prominently display the focal length. For example, a 50mm lens has a focal length of 50 millimeters.

3. Standard lenses / normal lenses have focal lengths between 35mm and 70mm. They capture the world in a way very similar to how our eyes see. They have minimal perspective distortion, so they are a favorite of many types of photographers. Street photographers and event photographers will use them as good “default” lenses, whereas landscape photographers will use them for scenes that don’t demand the sweeping, wide-angle view.

The image below illustrates this. It was taken with the full-frame Nikon D800 and Nikon’s 24-70mm f/2.8 zoom lens, zoomed to 44mm. If you were to put this same lens on the Nikon D500 (a crop-sensor camera with the “APS-C” sensor size) without changing anything, it would still be a 24-70mm lens at 44mm. However, the crop sensor of the D500 would lead to a narrower field of view, shown by the red box below, labeled APS-C / DX.

The article you linked seemed to say that it's about bending the light to give a desired field of view equal and it has nothing to do with how far the center of the lens is to the sensor.

Take a look at the following demonstration. The four photos shown below were taken at increasing focal lengths. The photos start at 25mm and end at 140mm:

Hopefully, now you can see why focal length is so important in photography. As photographers, the single most important thing is, quite simply, what’s in your photo!

This 60mm focal length lens is produced for Micro Four Thirds (MFT) system cameras. MFT cameras have an 18mm × 13.5mm sensor, which is approximately half the linear size (quarter the areal size) of the 36mm × 24mm sensor in full‑frame cameras. Full‑frame is also known as: • 35 mm format • full‑frame camera • full‑frame format • full‑frame image sensor • FX format • 135 format (the 35 mm film format as specified in ISO 1007 Photography — 135‑size film and magazine — Specifications)

FOV tofocal lengthcalculator

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As you change focal length, you will change what’s in your photo. You may choose a wide-angle lens (like 20mm) if you want to capture a grand landscape. Meanwhile, you may choose a telephoto lens (like 500mm) if you want to zoom in on a distant bird.

A zoom lens, on the other hand, has a variable focal length. Some popular zoom lens ranges include 18-55mm, 24-105mm, and 70-200mm lenses. Of course, there are many other examples.

Without getting into an in-depth physics discussion, the focal length of a lens is an optical property of the lens. The exact definition is: Focal length measures the distance, in millimeters, between the “nodal point” of the lens and the camera’s sensor.

Nikon’s APS-C cameras have a roughly 1.5× crop factor. Canon’s APS-C camera sensors are very similar in size, but since they are slightly smaller, they have a 1.6× crop factor. Meanwhile, Micro Four-Thirds cameras have even smaller sensors with a crop factor of 2.0×. Smartphones and point-and-shoot cameras have increasingly more extreme crop factors than this, such as 4× and 5×.

2. Wide-angle lenses have an equivalent focal length in the range of 24mm to 35mm. These lenses still take in a wide view and are often used by landscape and architectural photographers. That said, they have less perspective distortion than an ultra-wide lens, so they usually won’t look as exaggerated and don’t usually give very unusual effects.

Prime lenses 50mm and up to 100mm or more are usually simple lenses with most glass elements in the vicinity of the focal length. Obviously this doesn't work with short focal length lenses. Nikon's 10.5mm is going to be more complex, no way to get the glass elements that close to the sensor.

Hello! I’ve been enjoying your articles very much, they’re super helpful! I was wondering if there was anywhere you may be able to direct me to in order to learn about how close or far away your should be from your subject with different lenses and in different shooting situations? I think that’s the next piece of the puzzle I’m looking to understand. Thank you!

Again – similar to cropping a photo in post-processing – you will change your photo’s field of view by changing the camera’s sensor size.

Very user friendly article. Thank you. I have just ordered a Fuji 18-55 lens which I am hoping is a bit of an upgrade from the current 16-50 so will try out what I have learned when I get it.

That’s not a hypothetical example, either! Lots of cameras have a crop factor of 1.5×. If you have one of these cameras, just multiply your lens’s focal length by 1.5 to find your “effective focal length” on a full-frame camera. For example, if you have a 50mm lens on your 1.5× camera, it would match a 75mm lens on a full-frame camera.

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You can read more information on prime lenses versus zoom lenses here. Most photographers use a combination of prime and zoom lenses in order to get the advantages of both.

Elizabeth grew up in Vancouver, on the beautiful West Coast of Canada. In 2012 she relocated to Houston Texas for two years and then moved to Gautier, Mississippi in July of 2014 for another three years. Now back in Vancouver, Elizabeth runs photography workshops and teaches many aspects of photography. Her areas of interest are widespread and include street, wildlife, nature, architecture, macro and long exposures. She is particularly passionate about black and white images. You can see more of her work on her website at www.photographybyelizabethgray.com or on Instagram at photosbyelizabethgray

If you’re trying to understand different focal lengths, you can think of higher values (like 500mm) as more “zoomed in,” whereas lower values (like 20mm) are more “zoomed out.”